Chimpanzee faces under the magnifying glass: emerging methods reveal cross-species similarities and individuality

Independently, we created descriptive systems to characterize chimpanzee facial behavior, responding to a common need to have an objective, standardized coding system to ask questions about primate facial behaviors. Even with slightly different systems, we arrive at similar outcomes, with convergent conclusions about chimpanzee facial mobility. This convergence is a validation of the importance of the approach, and provides support for the future use of a facial action coding system for chimpanzees,ChimpFACS. Chimpanzees share many facial behaviors with those of humans. Therefore, processes and mechanisms that explain individual differences in facial activity can be compared with the use of a standardized systems such asChimpFACSandFACS. In this chapter we describe our independent methodological approaches, comparing how we arrived at our facial coding categories. We present some Action Descriptors (ADs) from Gaspar’s initial studies, especially focusing on an ethogram of chimpanzee and bonobo facial behavior, based on studies conducted between 1997 and 2004 at three chimpanzee colonies (The Detroit Zoo; Cleveland Metroparks Zoo; and Burger’s Zoo) and two bonobo colonies (The Columbus Zoo and Aquarium; The Milwaukee County Zoo). We discuss the potential significance of arising issues, the minor qualitative species differences that were found, and the larger quantitative differences in particular facial behaviors observed between species, e.g., bonobos expressed more movements containing particular action units (Brow Lowerer, Lip Raiser, Lip Corner Puller) compared with chimpanzees. The substantial interindividual variation in facial behavior within each species was most striking. Considering individual differences and the impact of development, we highlight the flexibility in facial activity of chimpanzees. We discuss the meaning of facial behaviors in nonhuman primates, addressing specifically individual attributes of Social Attraction, facial expressivity, and the connection of facial behavior to emotion. We do not rule out the communicative function of facial behavior, in which case an individual’s properties of facial behavior are seen as influencing his or her social life, but provide strong arguments in support of the role of facial behavior in the expression of internal states

Abundance anomalies in pre-main-sequence stars: Stellar evolution models with mass loss

The effects of atomic diffusion on internal and surface abundances of A and F pre-main-sequence stars with mass loss are studied in order to determine at what age the effects materialize, as well as to further understand the processes at play in HAeBe and young ApBp stars. Self-consistent stellar evolution models of 1.5 to 2.8Msun with atomic diffusion (including radiative accelerations) for all species within the OPAL opacity database were computed and compared to observations of HAeBe stars. Atomic diffusion in the presence of weak mass loss can explain the observed abundance anomalies of pre-main-sequence stars, as well as the presence of binary systems with metal rich primaries and chemically normal secondaries such as V380 Ori and HD72106. This is in contrast to turbulence models which do not allow for abundance anomalies to develop on the pre-main-sequence. The age at which anomalies can appear depends on stellar mass. For A and F stars, the effects of atomic diffusion can modify both the internal and surface abundances before the onset of the MS. The appearance of important surface abundance anomalies on the pre-main-sequence does not require mass loss, though the mass loss rate affects their amplitude. Observational tests are suggested to decipher the effects of mass loss from those of turbulent mixing. If abundance anomalies are confirmed in pre-main-sequence stars they would severely limit the role of turbulence in these stars.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepeted for publicatio

Integrated Water Law: Local to International

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION PART I: WATER ALLOCATION: LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL CHAPTER 1: LOCAL WATER LAW CHAPTER TWO: INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW COMPARISON OF RESTATEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL FACTORS FOR REASONABLE USE CHAPTER 3: THE VERMEJO RIVER CHAPTER 4 WATER LAWS: ENTITLEMENTS, RIGHTS, DUTIES AND PRIVILEGES CONCLUSION TO PART I PART II: NEGOTIATING WATERCOURSE ENTITLEMENTS CHAPTER FIVE: WATERCOURSE NEGOTIATIONS ARE DIFFERENT CHAPTER SIX: THE ROLE OF LA

The Rio Grande as an International River

The Rio Grande is divided into two major river reaches and has different legal regimes for each. New Mexico is primarily concerned with the Rio Grande from the headwaters in Colorado to Ft. Quitman in Texas, a distance of approximately 670 miles. This section of the river is the subject of the1906 Rio Grande Convention (Treaty) between the United States and Mexico. The lower section of the Rio Grande from Ft. Quitman to the Gulf of Mexico is the subject of the 1944 Rivers Treaty between the United States and Mexico; the 1944 Rivers Treaty also includes the Colorado and Tijuana River. As with many international and interstate rivers, the Rio Grande’s history, particularly that leading up to the 1906 Rio Grande Convention, helps explain the law of the river t

Integrated Water Law: Local to International

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION PART I: WATER ALLOCATION: LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL CHAPTER 1: LOCAL WATER LAW CHAPTER TWO: INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW COMPARISON OF RESTATEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL FACTORS FOR REASONABLE USE CHAPTER 3: THE VERMEJO RIVER CHAPTER 4 WATER LAWS: ENTITLEMENTS, RIGHTS, DUTIES AND PRIVILEGES CONCLUSION TO PART I PART II: NEGOTIATING WATERCOURSE ENTITLEMENTS CHAPTER FIVE: WATERCOURSE NEGOTIATIONS ARE DIFFERENT CHAPTER SIX: THE ROLE OF LA