Сучасні глобальні процеси у світовій економіці та їх вплив на економічну безпеку держави

Мета роботи. Визначення особливостей формування системи економічної безпеки держави, взагалі, та України, зокрема, в сучасних умовах глобального розвитку світового господарства

The changing global distribution and prevalence of canine transmissible venereal tumour.

BACKGROUND: The canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a contagious cancer that is naturally transmitted between dogs by the allogeneic transfer of living cancer cells during coitus. CTVT first arose several thousand years ago and has been reported in dog populations worldwide; however, its precise distribution patterns and prevalence remain unclear. RESULTS: We analysed historical literature and obtained CTVT prevalence information from 645 veterinarians and animal health workers in 109 countries in order to estimate CTVT's former and current global distribution and prevalence. This analysis confirmed that CTVT is endemic in at least 90 countries worldwide across all inhabited continents. CTVT is estimated to be present at a prevalence of one percent or more in dogs in at least 13 countries in South and Central America as well as in at least 11 countries in Africa and 8 countries in Asia. In the United States and Australia, CTVT was reported to be endemic only in remote indigenous communities. Comparison of current and historical reports of CTVT indicated that its prevalence has declined in Northern Europe, possibly due to changes in dog control laws during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Analysis of factors influencing CTVT prevalence showed that presence of free-roaming dogs was associated with increased CTVT prevalence, while dog spaying and neutering were associated with reduced CTVT prevalence. Our analysis indicated no gender bias for CTVT and we found no evidence that animals with CTVT frequently harbour concurrent infectious diseases. Vincristine was widely reported to be the most effective therapy for CTVT. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a survey of the current global distribution of CTVT, confirming that CTVT is endemic in at least 90 countries worldwide. Additionally, our analysis highlights factors that continue to modify CTVT's prevalence around the world and implicates free-roaming dogs as a reservoir for the disease. Our analysis also documents the disappearance of the disease from the United Kingdom during the twentieth century, which appears to have been an unintentional result of the introduction of dog control policies.This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final version of this article has been published by BioMed Central: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/10/168

Risk factors for Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape province, South Africa

Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in sub-Saharan Africa and the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis on COVID-19 outcomes are unknown. We conducted a population cohort study using linked data from adults attending public-sector health facilities in the Western Cape, South Africa. We used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, location, and comorbidities, to examine the associations between HIV, tuberculosis, and COVID-19 death from 1 March to 9 June 2020 among (1) public-sector “active patients” (≥1 visit in the 3 years before March 2020); (2) laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases; and (3) hospitalized COVID-19 cases. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for COVID-19, comparing adults living with and without HIV using modeled population estimates.Among 3 460 932 patients (16% living with HIV), 22 308 were diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 625 died. COVID19 death was associated with male sex, increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. HIV was associated with COVID-19 mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70–2.70), with similar risks across strata of viral loads and immunosuppression. Current and previous diagnoses of tuberculosis were associated with COVID-19 death (aHR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.81–4.04] and 1.51 [95% CI, 1.18–1.93], respectively). The SMR for COVID-19 death associated with HIV was 2.39 (95% CI, 1.96–2.86); population attributable fraction 8.5% (95% CI, 6.1–11.1)

Geochemical and palaeohydrological controls on the composition of shallow groundwater in the Netherlands

With the exception of the south of the country, the Netherlands has a strong bipartite hydrogeology: the Holocene part with a coastal dune belt and confining top layer of clay and peat further inland, and the Pleistocene, where thick phreatic aquifers dominate. This research aimed to ascertain the geochemical and palaeohydrological controls on the composition of shallow groundwater in 27 regions. Close to 6000 groundwater analyses were grouped and interpreted in terms of 1. salinity, 2. redox status, 3. acid/base and carbonate status and 4. natural nutrients NH4 and PO4. The a priori classification into geographical regions and geological formations revealed many statistically significant differences in medians, even for geologically or geographically related data groups. The compound-specific interpretation indicates that there are geogenically controlled, systematic differences in groundwater composition at the regional scale. The imprint of the geological sediments on the groundwater composition decreases in the order marine/estuarine via limnological, fluvial to aeolian. The imprints with respect to pH and carbonate status, natural nutrients and redox status are not necessarily interrelated. The vertical stratification in groundwater composition turns out to be often limited at the regional scale due to mutual occurrence of infiltrating and exfiltrating groundwater in regions and either the presence of a highly reactive Holocene, confining top layer or temporal changes in contamination. In the Holocene part, the salinity is controlled by the palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Holocene and by the recharge origin: the average Cl concentration decreases from estuarine via lagoonal to the former Zuider Sea (which was a bay). The most reduced states and also the highest nutrient concentrations and highest CO2 pressure are related to the presence of Holocene marine sediments in the confining top layer. Degradation of marinederived organic matter as a nutrient source, is likely more intense in the Holocene deposits than that of peat and sedimentary remnants of terrestrial plants. A broad range in pH, carbonate status and redox status is encountered in the Pleistocene part. Here, the palaeohydrological evolution in terms of carbonate leaching together with the geological controls on the calcareous nature of the shallow sedimentary deposits cause regional differences in pH, calcite saturation and silicate weathering. One region with Late Pleistocene limnological deposits has deviating groundwater characteristics and appears more similar to the Holocene part of the Netherlands. Furthermore, reactive Fe is not abundant in all Pleistocene fluvial sediments nor is it maximally mobilised, as not all anoxic groundwater in these sediments is siderite-saturated. This leads to considerable intra- and inter-region variability

Statistical characterisation and stochastic parameterisation of sedimentary geological formations for sustainable groundwater quality management

The fate of contaminants in groundwater aquifers is determined by the buffering capacity of those aquifers together with the composition of inflowing groundwater. A nationwide characterisation of the environmental geochemistry of the shallow subsurface (down to 30 m below surface) has been started in the Netherlands. This covers: 1. the reaction capacity of sediments as buffer for contamination, and 2. typical elemental composition of geological formations and the association between trace elements and major minerals..

Conceptual model of the Zand-Maas Groundwater body : Results of a pilot study

Dit rapport is in het Engels verschenen met rapportnummer 607300015Om een conceptueel model voor een grondwaterlichaam te kunnen opstellen, is van tevoren een duidelijke probleemstelling nodig. Stakeholders (provincies, drinkwaterbedrijven, waterschappen en gemeentes) moeten vooraf onderling vaststellen voor welk probleem het conceptueel model wordt opgesteld. Dat blijkt uit een pilotstudy, waarin een conceptueel model is ontwikkeld om kennis over de kwantitatieve toestand van een grondwaterlichaam te verzamelen en inzichtelijk te maken. Dit model is een driedimensionale dwarsdoorsnede van kwantitatieve grondwaterprocessen, zoals grondwaterstromen, water dat in de bodem infiltreert en grondwater dat aan de bodem wordt onttrokken via putten en dergelijke. Het model is ontwikkeld voor het grondwaterlichaam Zand-Maas, dat in Brabant en Limburg ligt. Conceptuele modellen worden ontwikkeld om de Kader Richtlijn Water (KRW) te kunnen uitvoeren. Wetenschappers maken veel gebruik van conceptuele modellen, maar voor diverse disciplines binnen de KRW is dat nieuw terrein. Het RIVM heeft de pilotstudy, in opdracht van het ministerie van VROM, met de provincies Noord-Brabant en Limburg en het kennisinstituut Deltares uitgevoerd. Doel van de pilot was om, behalve het model te ontwikkelen, een bijdragen te leveren aan de discussie over conceptuele modellen. Onderdeel van de pilotstudy was een workshop met onderzoekers, beleidsmakers en uitvoerenden uit het gebied van het grondwaterlichaam. Volgens stakeholders bevordert het ontwikkelde model de communicatie tussen bestuurders, onderzoekers, uitvoerende organisaties en 'Brussel' Enkele deelnemers drongen erop aan de kennis waarop conceptuele modellen zijn gebaseerd gestructureerd beschikbaar te maken.To create a conceptual model, a clear formulation of the problem is needed in advance. Beforehand, stakeholders (provinces, drinking water companies, water boards, and municipalities) should have mutual agreement for what problem the model is developed. This results form a pilot study where a conceptual model was developed to gain insight in how to collect knowledge about the quantative status of a groundwater body. This conceptual model is a 3D cross section of the quantiative groundwater processes, like infiltration, groundwater flow, and extraction. The conceptual model was developed for the groundwater body Zand-Maas, located in Brabant and Limburg, South of the Netherlands. Conceptual models are created for the realisation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Scientists often use conceptual models, but for many disciplines within the WFD this is a new domain. Commissioned by the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment performed the pilot study, together with the Provinces Brabant, Limburg and the research institute Deltares. Besides developing the conceptual model, the pilot aimed at contributing to the discussion around conceptual models. Part of the pilot study was a workshop with scientists, policy makers and other people carrying out the work in the area of groundwater body. According to stakeholders this model promotes the communication between government administrators, researchers, executive organizations and 'Brussels'. Some participants emphasised that the knowledge on which the conceptual models are funded, should be made available in a structured manner.VROM-DG

Conceptueel model van het grondwaterlichaam Zand-Maas : Resultaten van de pilotstudy

Dit rapport is in het Engels verschenen met rapportnummer 607300015<br