Stable Isotope Fractionation in Titan Aerosol Formation

Stable isotope ratio measurements are a powerful tool used to understand both ancient and modern planetary processes. Instruments on the Cassini- Huygens spacecraft along with ground-based observations have measured several isotope pairs, including C-13/C-12 and N-15/N-14, in Titan's atmosphere. This includes isotopic measurements of the major atmospheric species, CH4 and N2, along with HCN, HC3N, C2H2. C2H6 and C4H2. However, the isotopic fractionation of Titan's organic aerosol has not conclusively been measured and therefore the effect of aerosol formation as an isotopic fractionation pathway in Titan's atmosphere has not been considered. Laboratory studies have measured the carbon and/or nitrogen isotopic fractionation of Titan aerosol analogs. [18] found that the carbon fractionation of photochemical organic aerosol analogs are more enriched in C-13. This enrichment in the aerosol analogs is opposite of what is predicted for photochemical products by the kinetic isotope effect. Additionally, both [16] and [18] found that the nitrogen fractionation in the organic aerosol analogs are opposite of what is observed in Titan's atmospheric N2 and HCN, with the aerosol analogs being a light nitrogen sink. Here we monitor the gas phase during photochemical aerosol analog production as a function of reaction time. In a recirculation experiment, the isotopic fractionation of carbon within the gas-phase products is measured as the CH4 reservoir is depleted. This allows us to monitor the isotopic fractionation pathway during photochemical aerosol analog formation

Camilla: A Centaur reconnaissance and impact mission concept

Centaurs, minor planets with a semi-major axis between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune (5–30 AU), are thought to be among the most diverse small bodies in the solar system. These important targets for future missions may have recently been Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), which are thought to be chemically and physically primitive remnants of the early solar system. While the Kuiper Belt spans distances of 30–50 AU, making direct observations difficult, Centaurs' proximity to the Earth and Sun make them more accessible targets for robotic missions. Thus, we outline a mission concept designed to reconnoiter 10199 Chariklo, the largest Centaur and smallest ringed body yet discovered. Named for a legendary Centaur tamer, the conceptual Camilla mission is designed to fit under the cost cap of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) New Frontiers program, leveraging a conservative payload to support a foundational scientific investigation to these primitive bodies. Specifically, the single flyby encounter utilizes a combined high-resolution camera/VIS-IR mapping spectrometer, a sub-mm point spectrometer, and a UV mapping spectrometer. In addition, the mission concept utilizes a kinetic impactor, which would provide the first opportunity to sample the composition of potentially primitive subsurface material beyond Saturn, thus providing key insights into solar system origins. Such a flyby of the Chariklo system would provide a linchpin in the understanding of small body composition, evolution, and transport of materials in the solar system

Training Curriculum: Human Resources and Administrative Investigations (Facilitator’s Guide)

The enclosed Human Resources and Administrative Investigations curriculum was developed by the Project on Addressing Prison Rape at American University, Washington College of Law as part of contract deliverables for the National PREA Resource Center (PRC), a cooperative agreement between the National Council on Crime and Delinquency and the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA). The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) standards served as the basis for the curriculum’s content and development, with the goal of the Human Resources and Administrative Investigations curriculum to satisfy specific PREA standards requirements. It is recommended that the Human Resources and Administrative Investigations curriculum be reviewed in its entirety before choosing which modules to use. Any alterations to the original materials require either acknowledgement during their presentation or removal of the PRC and Project on Addressing Prison Rape logos. BJA is currently undergoing a comprehensive review of the enclosed curriculum for official approval, at which point the BJA logo may be added

Training Curriculum: Human Resources and Administrative Investigations (Facilitator’s Guide)

The enclosed Human Resources and Administrative Investigations curriculum was developed by the Project on Addressing Prison Rape at American University, Washington College of Law as part of contract deliverables for the National PREA Resource Center (PRC), a cooperative agreement between the National Council on Crime and Delinquency and the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA). The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) standards served as the basis for the curriculum’s content and development, with the goal of the Human Resources and Administrative Investigations curriculum to satisfy specific PREA standards requirements. It is recommended that the Human Resources and Administrative Investigations curriculum be reviewed in its entirety before choosing which modules to use. Any alterations to the original materials require either acknowledgement during their presentation or removal of the PRC and Project on Addressing Prison Rape logos. BJA is currently undergoing a comprehensive review of the enclosed curriculum for official approval, at which point the BJA logo may be added