How Phytophthora cinnamomi became associated with the death of Eucalyptus marginata – the early investigations into jarrah dieback

The name jarrah dieback was used in the 1940s to describe a serious economic problem in the jarrah forest in the south west of Western Australia. This was the sudden death of groups of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) trees that occurred on previously logged sites that had a tendency to become waterlogged in winter. Although the cause was not determined at the time, from symptoms recorded in early investigations the most likely explanation is that the trees died as the result of waterlogging damage. In the 1960s it was shown that many of these sites were infested by the introduced oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi and tree deaths, together with the deaths of many mid- and under-storey plants, were attributed to this pathogen. A chronology of the research, based on contemporary unpublished documents, shows that in 1968 the conclusion that P. cinnamomi caused jarrah deaths was not supported by the available evidence, because the work did not satisfy the first and fourth of Koch’s postulates. The evidence that P. cinnamomi killed many mid- and under-storey plants was much stronger. There are two problems that have been confused: the death of groups of jarrah trees (jarrah dieback) that is caused by waterlogging and the death of many mid- and under-storey plants (Phytophthora dieback) caused by P. cinnamomi infection

Bridge Load Rating and Evaluation Using Digital Image Measurements

9A3551847103The use of digital imaging and other vision-based measurements offers many options for conducting load tests and obtaining the necessary data without having direct contact on the bridge via mounted sensor arrays. The results from this study revealed the sensitivity and accuracy of displacement measurements when compared to measurements from conventional string potentiometers mounted directly to the flange of the girder and 3D point cloud measurements. While there is not one optimal technique for measuring structural displacements based on a video, different techniques have different performance levels, and the applicability of these various methods may vary from case to case. The goal of this study was to compare the performance and accuracy of vision-based displacement measurements in the form of load testing on two bridges in Delaware, and how the data can be used to calibrate finite element models to assess bridge performance based on in-situ conditions. Results from the two diagnostic loads tests are presented. Using the data collected, results are compared to AASHTO live load distribution factors. A finite element bridge model is generated in ABAQUS and calibrated using the field measurements obtained from digital imaging. From the findings, a process to evaluate live load distribution using displacements obtained from vision-based measurement techniques is presented. Lessons learned and the impact of the vision-based measurement techniques deployed for load testing and evaluation are also presented

Quickscan Circulaire Businessmodellen: Inspiratie voor het organiseren van waardebehoud in kringlopen

aanpak voor het ontwikkelen van een circulair business model

Transforming e3value models into ArchiMate diagrams

An enterprise architecture (EA) is a high-level representation of an enterprise, used for managing the relation between business and IT. In order to improve the contribution of IT to the business, all elements of an EA should be traceable to the business model and vice versa. However, in practice this is not the case. In addition to reasoning about cost structures and goal contributions of IT to the business, as is customary in EA, traceability would allow practitioners to reason about the contribution of IT to the value offerings of a business. In this research paper we present the results from an experiment where we wanted to refine guidelines for transforming a business model into an EA that we have derived in earlier research. Based on this experiment we refine the guidelines, identify building blocks for a business model (BM) based EA design and illustrate this with an example