Cytokines and depression in cancer patients and caregivers.

Objective:A better understanding of the biobehavioral mechanisms underlying depression in cancer is required to translate biomarker findings into clinical interventions. We tested for associations between cytokines and the somatic and psychological symptoms of depression in cancer patients and their healthy caregivers. Patients and methods:The GRID Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D) was administered to 61 cancer patients of mixed type and stage, 26 primary caregivers and 38 healthy controls. Concurrently, blood was drawn for multiplexed plasma assays of 15 cytokines. Multiple linear regression, adjusted for biobehavioral variables, identified cytokine associations with the psychological (Ham-Dep) and somatic (Ham-Som) subfactors of the Ham-D. Results:The Ham-Dep scores of cancer patients were similar to their caregivers, but their Ham-Som scores were significantly higher (twofold, p=0.016). Ham-Som was positively associated with IL-1ra (coefficient: 1.27, p≤0.001) in cancer patients, and negatively associated with IL-2 (coefficient: -0.68, p=0.018) in caregivers. Ham-Dep was negatively associated with IL-4 (coefficient: -0.67, p=0.004) in cancer patients and negatively associated with IL-17 (coefficient: -1.81, p=0.002) in caregivers. Conclusion:The differential severity of somatic symptoms of depression in cancer patients and caregivers and the unique cytokine associations identified with each group suggests the potential for targeted interventions based on phenomenology and biology. The clinical implication is that depressive symptoms in cancer patients can arise from biological stressors, which is an important message to help destigmatize the development of depression in cancer patients

Electroweak Measurements Using Heavy Quarks Identified in e+e−e^{+}e^{-} Annihilation

Since 1989, the Large Electron Positron collider at CERN has been used to study elec- troweak physics to an unprecedented precision. The data have acted as spectacular confirmation of the Standard Model as the best description of electroweak interac- tions at scales of - 100 GeV. However, in 1995, a possible anomaly appeared in the LEP measurement of Rb = (Z-adbb) which was more than three standard devia- ( Z-*hadrons) tions above the Standard Model prediction. This effect could not be accounted for by minor adjustment of model parameters, in particular the mass of the top quark which had recently been directly measured at the Fermilab Tevatron. In order to investigate whether the deviation could be an indication of physics beyond the Standard Model we present new precise measurements of both Rb and the forward-backward asymme- try of b quark production, AbFB , using -63 pb - 1 of data at the Z peak recorded by the L3 detector during 1994-95. The results are: Rb = 0.2146 ± 0.0017(stat) + 0.00 3 3 (sys) - 0.139 (R, - 0.171) AbFB = 9.33 ± 1.40(stat) ± 0.65(sys) ± 0.10(QCD)% This value for Rb agrees with the Standard Model to within one standard deviation. AFB leads to a value for the effective weak mixing angle for b-quarks sin 2 eff - 0.2333 ± 0.0025(stat) ± 0.0012(sys) which is consistent with values obtained using different decay modes of the Z and from neutrino physics, supporting flavour universality. We thus observe no deviation from the Standard Model and, from the Rb measurement, limit the effects of new physics to < 1.7% in b decay

Theoretical studies of the kinetics of mechanical unfolding of cross-linked polymer chains and their implications for single molecule pulling experiments

We have used kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to study the kinetics of unfolding of cross-linked polymer chains under mechanical loading. As the ends of a chain are pulled apart, the force transmitted by each crosslink increases until it ruptures. The stochastic crosslink rupture process is assumed to be governed by first order kinetics with a rate that depends exponentially on the transmitted force. We have performed random searches to identify optimal crosslink configurations whose unfolding requires a large applied force (measure of strength) and/or large dissipated energy (measure of toughness). We found that such optimal chains always involve cross-links arranged to form parallel strands. The location of those optimal strands generally depends on the loading rate. Optimal chains with a small number of cross-links were found to be almost as strong and tough as optimal chains with a large number of cross-links. Furthermore, optimality of chains with a small number of cross-links can be easily destroyed by adding cross-links at random. The present findings are relevant for the interpretation of single molecule force probe spectroscopy studies of the mechanical unfolding of load-bearing proteins, whose native topology often involves parallel strand arrangements similar to the optimal configurations identified in the study

On Properties of the Isoscalar Giant Dipole Resonance

Main properties (strength function, energy-dependent transition density, branching ratios for direct nucleon decay) of the isoscalar giant dipole resonance in several medium-heavy mass spherical nuclei are described within a continuum-RPA approach, taking into account the smearing effect. All model parameters used in the calculations are taken from independent data. Calculation results are compared with available experimental data.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure

Lateral current density fronts in asymmetric double-barrier resonant-tunneling structures

We present a theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of lateral current density fronts in bistable resonant-tunneling diodes with Z-shaped current-voltage characteristics. The bistability is due to the charge accumulation in the quantum well of the double-barrier structure. We focus on asymmetric structures in the regime of sequential incoherent tunneling and study the dependence of the bistability range, the front velocity and the front width on the structure parameters. We propose a sectional design of a structure that is suitable for experimental observation of front propagation and discuss potential problems of such measurements in view of our theoretical findings. We point out the possibility to use sectional resonant-tunneling structures as controllable three-terminal switches.Comment: to appear in J.Appl.Phy

Nuclear matrix elements for neutrinoless double-beta decay and double-electron capture

A new generation of neutrinoless double beta decay experiments with improved sensitivity is currently under design and construction. They will probe inverted hierarchy region of the neutrino mass pattern. There is also a revived interest to the resonant neutrinoless double-electron capture, which has also a potential to probe lepton number conservation and to investigate the neutrino nature and mass scale. The primary concern are the nuclear matrix elements. Clearly, the accuracy of the determination of the effective Majorana neutrino mass from the measured 0\nu\beta\beta-decay half-life is mainly determined by our knowledge of the nuclear matrix elements. We review recent progress achieved in the calculation of 0\nu\beta\beta and 0\nu ECEC nuclear matrix elements within the quasiparticle random phase approximation. A considered self-consistent approach allow to derive the pairing, residual interactions and the two-nucleon short-range correlations from the same modern realistic nucleon-nucleon potentials. The effect of nuclear deformation is taken into account. A possibility to evaluate 0\nu\beta\beta-decay matrix elements phenomenologically is discussed.Comment: 24 pages; 80 references. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1101.214

Uncertainties in the 0νββ0\nu\beta\beta--decay nuclear matrix elements

The nuclear matrix elements $M^{0\nu}$ of the neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) of most nuclei with known $2\nu\beta\beta$-decay rates are systematically evaluated using the Quasiparticle Random Phase Approximation (QRPA) and Renormalized QRPA (RQRPA). The experimental $2\nu\beta\beta$-decay rate is used to adjust the most relevant parameter, the strength of the particle-particle interaction. With such procedure the $M^{0\nu}$ values become essentially independent on single-particle basis size, the axial vector quenching factor, etc. Theoretical arguments in favor of the adopted way of determining the interaction parameters are presented. It is suggested that most of the spread among the published $M^{0\nu}$'s can be ascribed to the choices of implicit and explicit parameters, inherent to the QRPA method.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure. Contribution to MEDEX'05, Corfu, Greece, September 26 - 29, 2005. A short version of nucl-th/0503063, to be published in Czech. J. Phy

Short-range correlations and neutrinoless double beta decay

In this work we report on the effects of short-range correlations upon the matrix elements of neutrinoless double beta decay. We focus on the calculation of the matrix elements of the neutrino-mass mode of neutrinoless double beta decays of 48Ca and 76Ge. The nuclear-structure components of the calculation, that is the participant nuclear wave functions, have been calculated in the shell-model scheme for 48Ca and in the proton-neutron quasiparticle random-phase approximation (pnQRPA) scheme for 76Ge. We compare the traditional approach of using the Jastrow correlation function with the more complete scheme of the unitary correlation operator method (UCOM). Our results indicate that the Jastrow method vastly exaggerates the effects of short-range correlations on the neutrinoless double beta decay nuclear matrix elements.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Physics Letters B (2007

Evaluation of the mean intensity of the P-odd mixing of nuclear compound states

A temperature version of the shell-optical-model approach for describing the low-energy compound-to-compound transitions induced by external single-particle fields is given. The approach is applied to evaluate the mean intensity of the P-odd mixing of nuclear compound states. Unified description for the mixing and electromagnetic transitions allows one to evaluate the mean intensity without the use of free parameters. The valence-mechanism contribution to the mentioned intensity is also evaluated. Calculation results are compared with the data deduced from cross sections of relevant neutron-induced reactions.Comment: LaTeX, 10 page

A systematic review of treating recurrent head and neck cancer: a reintroduction of brachytherapy with or without surgery.

Purpose: To review brachytherapy use in recurrent head and neck carcinoma (RHNC) with focus on its efficacy and complication rates. Material and methods: A literature search of PubMed, Ovid, Google Scholar, and Scopus was conducted from 1990 to 2017. Publications describing treatment of RHNC with brachytherapy with or without surgery were included. The focus of this review is on oncologic outcomes and the safety of brachytherapy in the recurrent setting. Results: Thirty studies involving RHNC treatment with brachytherapy were reviewed. Brachytherapy as adjunctive treatment to surgical resection appears to be associated with an improved local regional control and overall survival, when compared with the published rates for re-irradiation utilizing external beam radiotherapy (RT) or brachytherapy alone. Safety data remains variable with different isotopes and dose rates with implantable brachytherapy demonstrating a tolerable side effect profile. Conclusions: Although surgery remains a mainstay treatment for RHNC, intraoperative interstitial brachytherapy delivery as adjunctive therapy may improve the treatment outcome and may be associated with fewer complication rates as compared to reirradiation using external beam radiotherapy. Further investigations are required to elucidate the role of brachytherapy for RHNC