The gendered impacts of delayed parenthood on educational and labor market outcomes : a dynamic analysis of population-level effects over young adulthood

Later parenthood is often beneficial for women, but less is known about its impact on men. As first births continue to occur later in life, it is important to understand whether this delay influences the educational and labor market outcomes of women and men differently, and how it changes the socioeconomic characteristics of children’s parents at birth. However, education, employment, and fertility are linked, implying that complex models are required in order to analyze the time-varying impacts of delayed parenthood. We use dynamic longitudinal models and Finnish data to analyze how, and through which socioeconomic mechanisms, a material delay in parenthood is likely to influence educational and labor market outcomes over young adulthood. A three-year delay in young-adult parenthood for all women increases educational enrollment in their early 20s, employment in their late 20s, and partly due to higher education income in their 30s. The impact of the same delay for men is more modest, and almost negligible for their employment, suggesting that later parenthood exacerbates the educational advantage of women and attenuates the income advantage of men. However, it strengthens the socioeconomic standing of both men and women when they become parents, essentially due to the accumulation of effects

The gendered impacts of delayed parenthood on educational and labor market outcomes : a dynamic analysis of population-level effects over young adulthood

Later parenthood is often beneficial for women, but less is known about its impact on men. As first births continue to occur later in life, it is important to understand whether this delay influences the educational and labor market outcomes of women and men differently, and how it changes the socioeconomic characteristics of children’s parents at birth. However, education, employment, and fertility are linked, implying that complex models are required in order to analyze the time-varying impacts of delayed parenthood. We use dynamic longitudinal models and Finnish data to analyze how, and through which socioeconomic mechanisms, a material delay in parenthood is likely to influence educational and labor market outcomes over young adulthood. A three-year delay in young-adult parenthood for all women increases educational enrollment in their early 20s, employment in their late 20s, and partly due to higher education income in their 30s. The impact of the same delay for men is more modest, and almost negligible for their employment, suggesting that later parenthood exacerbates the educational advantage of women and attenuates the income advantage of men. However, it strengthens the socioeconomic standing of both men and women when they become parents, essentially due to the accumulation of effects

The gendered impacts of delayed parenthood: A dynamic analysis of young adulthood

Young adulthood is a dynamic and demographically dense stage in the life course. This poses a challenge for research on the socioeconomic consequences of parenthood timing, which most often focuses on women. We chart the dynamics of delayed parenthood and its implications for educational and labor market trajectories for young adult women and men using a novel longitudinal analysis approach, the parametric g-formula. This method allows the estimation of both population-averaged effects (among all women and men) and average treatment effects (among mothers and fathers). Based on high-quality data from Finnish registers, we find that later parenthood exacerbates the educational advantage of women in comparison to men and attenuates the income advantage of men in comparison to women across young adult ages. Gender differences in the consequences of delayed parenthood on labor market trajectories are largely not explained by changes in educational trajectories. Moreover, at the time of entering parenthood, delayed parenthood improves the incomes of fathers more than those of mothers, thereby exacerbating existing gender differences. The results provide population-level evidence on how the delay of parenthood has contributed to the strengthening of women’s educational position relative to that of men. Further, the findings on greater increases in fathers’ than mothers’ incomes at the time of entering parenthood, as followed by postponement, may help explain why progress in achieving gender equality in the division of paid and unpaid work in families has been slow.Peer reviewe

The gendered impacts of delayed parenthood: A dynamic analysis of young adulthood

Young adulthood is a dynamic and demographically dense stage in the life course. This poses a challenge for research on the socioeconomic consequences of parenthood timing, which most often focuses on women. We chart the dynamics of delayed parenthood and its implications for educational and labor market trajectories for young adult women and men using a novel longitudinal analysis approach, the parametric g-formula. This method allows the estimation of both population-averaged effects (among all women and men) and average treatment effects (among mothers and fathers). Based on high-quality data from Finnish registers, we find that later parenthood exacerbates the educational advantage of women in comparison to men and attenuates the income advantage of men in comparison to women across young adult ages. Gender differences in the consequences of delayed parenthood on labor market trajectories are largely not explained by changes in educational trajectories. Moreover, at the time of entering parenthood, delayed parenthood improves the incomes of fathers more than those of mothers, thereby exacerbating existing gender differences. The results provide population-level evidence on how the delay of parenthood has contributed to the strengthening of women’s educational position relative to that of men. Further, the findings on greater increases in fathers’ than mothers’ incomes at the time of entering parenthood, as followed by postponement, may help explain why progress in achieving gender equality in the division of paid and unpaid work in families has been slow.</p

All-time low period fertility in Finland: drivers, tempo effects, and cohort implications

In several European countries previously characterized by relatively high and stable cohort fertility, and particularly in the Nordic countries, period total fertility rates (TFR) have declined since 2010. The largest of these declines has been observed in Finland, where the TFR reached an all-time low of 1.49 in 2017. We analyze the decrease in the TFR in Finland since 2010, and assess the consequences of this trend for the completed fertility of women currently of childbearing age using complementary approaches that build on existing parametric and novel nonparametric methods. Decomposition of the fertility decline shows that this trend has been close to universal, with all age groups and parities contributing, but with first-order births and ages 25-29 making the largest contributions. At older ages, we document an important qualitative shift in fertility dynamics: for the first time since the early 1970s, women aged 30+ are experiencing a sustained fertility decline. All of our forecasting methods suggest that cohort fertility is likely to decline from the 1.85-1.95 level that was reached by the 1940-1970 cohorts, to a level of 1.75 or below among women born in the mid-1980s. The tempo-adjusted TFR also suggests that quantum change is driving the decline. These findings are evidence of a strong quantum effect, and are particularly striking because they call into question whether Finland will continue to be part of the Nordic fertility regime, which has been characterized by high and stable fertility

Education, other socioeconomic characteristics across the life course, and fertility among Finnish men

The level of education and other adult socioeconomic characteristics of men are known to associate with their fertility, but early-life socioeconomic characteristics may also be related. We studied how men&rsquo;s adult and early-life socioeconomic characteristics are associated with their eventual fertility and whether the differences therein by educational level are explained or mediated by other socioeconomic characteristics. The data on men born in 1940&ndash;1950 (N&nbsp;=&nbsp;37,082) were derived from the 1950 Finnish census, which is linked to later registers. Standard and sibling fixed-effects Poisson and logistic regression models were used. Education and other characteristics were positively associated with the number of children, largely stemming from a higher likelihood of a first birth among the more socioeconomically advantaged men. The educational gradient in the number of children was not explained by early socioeconomic or other characteristics shared by brothers, but occupational position and income in adulthood mediated approximately half of the association. Parity-specific differences existed: education and many other socioeconomic characteristics predicted the likelihood of a first birth more strongly than that of a second birth, and the mediating role of occupational position and income was also strongest for first births. Relatively small differences were found in the likelihood of a third birth. In men, education is positively associated with eventual fertility after controlling for early socioeconomic and other characteristics shared by brothers. Selective entry into fatherhood based on economic provider potential may contribute considerably to educational differentials in the number of children among men.</p

The gendered impacts of delayed parenthood: A dynamic analysis of young adulthood

Young adulthood is a dynamic and demographically dense stage in the life course. This poses a challenge for research on the socioeconomic consequences of parenthood timing, which most often focuses on women. We chart the dynamics of delayed parenthood and its implications for educational and labor market trajectories for young adult women and men using a novel longitudinal analysis approach, the parametric g-formula. This method allows the estimation of both population-averaged effects (among all women and men) and average treatment effects (among mothers and fathers). Based on high-quality data from Finnish registers, we find that later parenthood exacerbates the educational advantage of women in comparison to men and attenuates the income advantage of men in comparison to women across young adult ages. Gender differences in the consequences of delayed parenthood on labor market trajectories are largely not explained by changes in educational trajectories. Moreover, at the time of entering parenthood, delayed parenthood improves the incomes of fathers more than those of mothers, thereby exacerbating existing gender differences. The results provide population-level evidence on how the delay of parenthood has contributed to the strengthening of women’s educational position relative to that of men. Further, the findings on greater increases in fathers’ than mothers’ incomes at the time of entering parenthood, as followed by postponement, may help explain why progress in achieving gender equality in the division of paid and unpaid work in families has been slow.Peer reviewe

Aortofemoral surgery and sexual function

Objectives:To determine the incidence and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) and the effects of aortofemoral surgery, including endarterectomy (E) and reconstruction (R), on erectile function (EF).Design:Evaluation of EF before and 3 months after surgery.Methods:31 out of 40 male patients scheduled for aortofemoral surgery were given multiple choice questionnaires and penile dynamic Colour Doppler Ultrasonography.Results:Of the 31 who agreed to enter the study five (16%) were found to be potent and 26 (84%) to suffer from ED. This was purely arteriogenic in 8% of the cases, purely venogenic in 23%, combined arteriogenic and venogenic in 53%, and neurogenic in 16%. Twenty patients returned for postoperative evaluation of EF, nine who had undergone E and 11 who had undergone R. Improvement of EF, in terms of increased penile arterial inflow, occurred in seven patients, six who had undergone E and one who had undergone R. EF remained unchanged in nine patients, three who had undergone E and six who had undergone R. Deterioration of EF occurred in four patients, all who had undergone R, and was attributable to decreased arterial inflow in two cases and to neurogenic surgical injury in the other two.Conclusions:The majority of patients with AIOD suffers from ED. Reduced penile arterial inflow and cavernovenous leakage are equally important in the pathophysiology of ED in patients with AIOD, suggesting that atherosclerosis may also compromise the penile veno-occlusive mechanism. Endarterectomy seems more likely than reconstruction to improve or maintain EF

Precision systems medicine in urological Tumors – Molecular profiling and functional testing

Background: Most precision cancer medicine efforts are based on the identification of oncogenic driver mutations by genome sequencing. We believe and have emerging evidence that this will miss therapeutic opportunities and additional technologies, such as cell-based functional testing should be included. Pioneering studies in leukemia indicate the value of ex-vivo drug testing to identify novel, clinically actionable therapeutic opportunities. Methods: Using conditional re-programming technology, we established patient-derived cells (PDCs) from castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)3 and renal cell cancer (RCC) in order to pilot precision systems medicine in solid tumours. The PDCs were compared with primary tumour tissue by genomic profiling and then subjected to drug sensitivity profiling with >306 approved and investigational oncology drugs. Results: Here, we generated both benign and malignant PDCs from prostate tissue, including six benign PDCs that were androgen receptor (AR)-negative, basal/transit-amplifying phenotype, but could re-express AR in 3D-culture. The PDCs from a CRPC patient displayed multiple CNAs, some of which were shared with the parental tumor. The cancer-selective drug profile for these PDCs showed sensitivity to taxanes, navitoclax, bexarotene, tretinoin, oxaliplatin and mepacrine3. RCC displays extensive intra-tumour heterogeneity and clonal evolution. There is, however, very little information on how much this impacts drug sensitivities. Therefore, we generated several PDCs from each RCC patient across multiple tumour regions. We verified their clonal relationship with the uncultured tumour tissue by NGS and performed drug sensitivity profiling. The PDCs retained CNAs and driver mutations in e.g. VHL, PBRM1, PIK3C2A, KMD5C, TSC2 genes present in the original tumour tissue. Drug testing with 461 oncology drugs identified shared vulnerability among the multiple PDCs to pazopanib and temsirolimus that inhibit well-established renal cancer pathways EGFR/PDGFR/ FGFR and mTOR. Importantly, however, the individual PDC from different regions in one patient also showed distinct drug response profiles, confirming that genomic heterogeneity leads to variability in drug responses. Conclusions: Our aim is to generate molecular profiles and drug testing data using representative PDCs from each patient to help clinicians in treatment decision and to facilitate the early selection of the best drug candidates for clinical development. We believe this approach will help to personalize treatment, prioritize drugs for clinical testing, provide for intelligent selection of drug combinations and improve treatment outcomes.Non peer reviewe