11 research outputs found
Badania nad struktur膮 i mikroflor膮 ziarn kefirowych w mikroskopie elektronowym
It was found out that participation of lactobacilli, streptococci and yeasts in kefir grailns' microflora amounted to 66, 16 and 18% respectively. Scanning and transmission microscopy revealed that lactic acid bacteria formed microcolonies mainly inside the grains and yeasts at the surface layers.W pracy okre艣lono proporcje pomi臋dzy r贸偶nymi formami morfologicznymi drobnoustroj贸w wyst臋puj膮cych w ziarnach kefirowych oraz badano struktur臋 i budow臋 ziarn w mikroskopie elektronowym. Przy liczeniu bakterii jako jednostk臋 traktowano zar贸wno kom贸rki pojedyncze, jak te偶 dwoinki i 艂a艅cuszki, przy liczeniu dro偶d偶y - poszczeg贸lne kom贸rki. Liczenie kom贸rek w preparatach barwionych sporz膮dzonych z ziarn kefirowych rozpuszczonych w O, 1 N NaOH wykaza艂o, 偶e liczbowo pa艂eczki stanowi艂y 艣rednio 66% mikroflory (wahania 62-69%), zierniaki 16%(wahania 11-22%), a dro偶d偶e 18% (wahania 16-20%). Obserwacje przeprowadzone w elektronowym mikroskopie skaningowym pozwoli艂y stwierdzi膰 wyst臋powanie na powierzchni ziarn du偶ych skupie艅 kom贸rek dro偶d偶y i pa艂eczek,. co sugeruje, 偶e rozwijaj膮 si臋 one w mikrokoloniach tworz膮cych mas臋 ziarna. Ziarniaki wyst臋powa艂y w obr臋bie tych skupie艅 jako dwoinki i kr贸tkie 艂a艅cuszki (rys. 2). W barwionych octanem uranylu ultracienkich skrawkach z ziarn kefirowych obserwowanych w elektronowym mikroskopie transmisyjnym zaobserwowano wewn膮trz ziarn g艂贸wnie kom贸rki bakterii. Dro偶d偶e wyst臋powa艂y nielicznie, co wskazuje na fakt silniejszego ich rozwoju w powierzchniowych cz臋艣ciach ziarn. Kom贸rki drobnoustroj贸w zatopione by艂y w bezpostaciowej substancji (rys. 3 i 4)
Urea supplementation improves mRNA in vitro transcription by decreasing both shorter and longer RNA byproducts
ABSTRACTThe current letter to the editor describes the presence of RNA byproducts in small-scale in vitro transcription (IVT) reactions as evaluated by capillary gel electrophoresis, asymmetric flow field flow fractionation, immunoblotting, cell-free translation assays, and in IFN reporter cells. We compare standard T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) based IVT reactions to two recently described protocols employing either urea supplementation or using the VSW3 RNAP. Our results indicate that urea supplementation yields considerably less RNA byproducts and positively affects the overall number of full-length transcripts. In contrast, VSW3 IVT reactions demonstrated a low yield and generated a higher fraction of truncated transcripts. Lastly, both urea mRNA and VSW3 mRNA elicited considerably less IFN responses after transfection in mouse macrophages
Integrator is a genome-wide attenuator of non-productive transcription
Termination of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription in metazoans relies largely on the cleavage and polyadenylation (CPA) and integrator (INT) complexes originally found to act at the ends of protein-coding and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, respectively. Here, we monitor CPA- and INT-dependent termination activities genome-wide, including at thousands of previously unannotated transcription units (TUs), producing unstable RNA. We verify the global activity of CPA occurring at pA sites indiscriminately of their positioning relative to the TU promoter. We also identify a global activity of INT, which is largely sequence-independent and restricted to a ~3-kb promoter-proximal region. Our analyses suggest two functions of genome-wide INT activity: it dampens transcriptional output from weak promoters, and it provides quality control of RNAPII complexes that are unfavorably configured for transcriptional elongation. We suggest that the function of INT in stable snRNA production is an exception from its general cellular role, the attenuation of non-productive transcription
Urea supplementation improves mRNA in vitro transcription by decreasing both shorter and longer RNA byproducts
The current letter to the editor describes the presence of RNA byproducts in small-scale in vitro transcription (IVT) reactions as evaluated by capillary gel electrophoresis, asymmetric flow field flow fractionation, immunoblotting, cell-free translation assays, and in IFN reporter cells. We compare standard T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) based IVT reactions to two recently described protocols employing either urea supplementation or using the VSW3 RNAP. Our results indicate that urea supplementation yields considerably less RNA byproducts and positively affects the overall number of full-length transcripts. In contrast, VSW3 IVT reactions demonstrated a low yield and generated a higher fraction of truncated transcripts. Lastly, both urea mRNA and VSW3 mRNA elicited considerably less IFN responses after transfection in mouse macrophages.</p
Cryo-XPS for Surface Characterization of Nanomedicines
Nanoparticles used for medical applications commonly
possess coatings
or surface functionalities intended to provide specific behavior in vivo, for example, the use of PEG to provide stealth
properties. Direct, quantitative measurement of the surface chemistry
and composition of such systems in a hydrated environment has thus
far not been demonstrated, yet such measurements are of great importance
for the development of nanomedicine systems. Here we demonstrate the
first use of cryo-XPS for the measurement of two PEG-functionalized
nanomedicines: a polymeric drug delivery system and a lipid nanoparticle
mRNA carrier. The observed differences between cryo-XPS and standard
XPS measurements indicate the potential of cryo-XPS for providing
quantitative measurements of such nanoparticle systems in hydrated
conditions