Testbeam and Laboratory Characterization of CMS 3D Pixel Sensors

The pixel detector is the innermost tracking device in CMS, reconstructing interaction vertices and charged particle trajectories. The sensors located in the innermost layers of the pixel detector must be upgraded for the ten-fold increase in luminosity expected with the High- Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) phase. As a possible replacement for planar sensors, 3D silicon technology is under consideration due to its good performance after high radiation fluence. In this paper, we report on pre- and post- irradiation measurements for CMS 3D pixel sensors with different electrode configurations. The effects of irradiation on electrical properties, charge collection efficiency, and position resolution of 3D sensors are discussed. Measurements of various test structures for monitoring the fabrication process and studying the bulk and surface properties, such as MOS capacitors, planar and gate-controlled diodes are also presented.Comment: 14 page

Real-time two-axis control of a spin qubit

Optimal control of qubits requires the ability to adapt continuously to their ever-changing environment. We demonstrate a real-time control protocol for a two-electron singlet-triplet qubit with two fluctuating Hamiltonian parameters. Our approach leverages single-shot readout classification and dynamic waveform generation, allowing full Hamiltonian estimation to dynamically stabilize and optimize the qubit performance. Powered by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), the quantum control electronics estimates the Overhauser field gradient between the two electrons in real time, enabling controlled Overhauser-driven spin rotations and thus bypassing the need for micromagnets or nuclear polarization protocols. It also estimates the exchange interaction between the two electrons and adjusts their detuning, resulting in extended coherence of Hadamard rotations when correcting for fluctuations of both qubit axes. Our study highlights the role of feedback in enhancing the performance and stability of quantum devices affected by quasistatic noise

Wild vascular plants gathered for consumption in the Polish countryside: a review

BACKGROUND: This paper is an ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants gathered for consumption from the end of the 18(th )century to the present day, within the present borders of Poland. METHODS: 42 ethnographic and botanical sources documenting the culinary use of wild plants were analyzed. RESULTS: The use of 112 species (3.7% of the flora) has been recorded. Only half of them have been used since the 1960s. Three species: Cirsium rivulare, Euphorbia peplus and Scirpus sylvaticus have never before been reported as edible by ethnobotanical literature. The list of wild edible plants which are still commonly gathered includes only two green vegetables (Rumex acetosa leaves for soups and Oxalis acetosella as children's snack), 15 folk species of fruits and seeds (Crataegus spp., Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus spp., Rosa canina, Rubus idaeus, Rubus sect. Rubus, Sambucus nigra, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. oxycoccos, V. uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea) and four taxa used for seasoning or as preservatives (Armoracia rusticana root and leaves, Carum carvi seeds, Juniperus communis pseudo-fruits and Quercus spp. leaves). The use of other species is either forgotten or very rare. In the past, several species were used for food in times of scarcity, most commonly Chenopodium album, Urtica dioica, U. urens, Elymus repens, Oxalis acetosella and Cirsium spp., but now the use of wild plants is mainly restricted to raw consumption or making juices, jams, wines and other preserves. The history of the gradual disappearance of the original barszcz, Heracleum sphondylium soup, from Polish cuisine has been researched in detail and two, previously unpublished, instances of its use in the 20(th )century have been found in the Carpathians. An increase in the culinary use of some wild plants due to media publications can be observed. CONCLUSION: Poland can be characterized as a country where the traditions of culinary use of wild plants became impoverished very early, compared to some parts of southern Europe. The present use of wild plants, even among the oldest generation, has been almost entirely restricted to fruits

The Hetero-Hexameric Nature of a Chloroplast AAA+ FtsH Protease Contributes to Its Thermodynamic Stability

FtsH is an evolutionary conserved membrane-bound metalloprotease complex. While in most prokaryotes FtsH is encoded by a single gene, multiple FtsH genes are found in eukaryotes. Genetic and biochemical data suggest that the Arabidopsis chloroplast FtsH is a hetero-hexamer. This raises the question why photosynthetic organisms require a heteromeric complex, whereas in most bacteria a homomeric one is sufficient. To gain structural information of the possible complexes, the Arabidopsis FtsH2 (type B) and FtsH5 (type A) were modeled. An in silico study with mixed models of FtsH2/5 suggests that heteromeric hexamer structure with ratio of 4∶2 is more likely to exists. Specifically, calculation of the buried surface area at the interfaces between neighboring subunits revealed that a hetero-complex should be thermodynamically more stable than a homo-hexamer, due to the presence of additional hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. To biochemically assess this model, we generated Arabidopsis transgenic plants, expressing epitope-tagged FtsH2 and immuno-purified the protein. Mass-spectrometry analysis showed that FtsH2 is associated with FtsH1, FtsH5 and FtsH8. Interestingly, we found that ‘type B’ subunits (FtsH2 and FtsH8) were 2–3 fold more abundant than ‘type A’ (FtsH1 and FtsH5). The biochemical data corroborate the in silico model and suggest that the thylakoid FtsH hexamer is composed of two ‘type A’ and four ‘type B’ subunits

Possibility of limonene recovery from the pyrolytic oil derived from rubber waste

Separacja limonenu z oleju popirolitycznego jest trudna ze względu na obecność substancji o zbliżonych temperaturach wrzenia. Przeprowadzono badania doświadczalne destylacyjnej separacji limonenu i obliczenia symulacyjne rektyfikacji okresowej przy użyciu programu ChemCad. Symulacje prowadzono dla kolumn o różnej liczbie półek i wybranych ciśnień. W badaniach doświadczalnych, jak i symulacjach stwierdzono, że nie jest możliwe uzyskanie czystego limonenu metodami destylacyjnymi. Zastosowanie dwukrotnej rektyfikacji umożliwia jedynie otrzymanie mieszaniny o podwyższonej zawartości limonenu.Separation of limonene from post-pyrolytic oil is difficult due to the presence of substances with similar boiling temperatures. Experimental studies of limonene distillation and simulation of periodic rectification process using ChemCad have been performed. Simulations for columns with different numbers of theoretical trays and selected pressures were carried out. It was found that both in experimental studies and simulations, it is not possible to obtain pure limonene by distillation. Even the use of double rectification only allows one to obtain a mixture with increased limonene concentration

Identification of factors affecting business models in enterprises

This study attempts to identify business models in an international enterprise that affect the processes of management in Poland and Austria. The investigations are divided into three basic parts. The first part presents the concept of business models in terms of strategic management of enterprises. The investigations presented in the second part concern the development of business models according to the St. Gallen Business Model Navigator. The last part of the study presents the findings of empirical studies of two Polish and Austrian enterprises owned by one of the largest cement companies in the world. The aim of the study is to identify and evaluate the determinants of business models in an international enterprise. The research methods used to achieve this were a literature survey, descriptive analysis, trend analysis for profitability ratios and Pearson's linear correlation coefficient for descriptions of relations that occur among the indices studied. The research period was 2008-2013. The problem of identifying factors that affect business models in enterprises is important and topical, due to their influence on strategic management in cement sector enterprises

Selected aspects of entrepreneurship in Poland and Austria

The basic aim of this paper is the comparative analysis, both theoretical and empirical, of selected aspects of entrepreneurship in Poland and Austria. The significance of the selected topic, most of all, results from the role and impact entrepreneurial activities have on the welfare of societies, both economically and socially. Keeping in mind the diversity and complexity of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship, one must in particular consider its integral relationship with economic activity and development, both of the individual and of the society at large. In economic terms, entrepreneurship is usually interpreted as the ability to creatively and innovatively solve business problems, combined with the ability to use opportunities arising from economic activity. Our empirical studies on the analysis and assessment of entrepreneurial attitudes were conducted on the basis of data published by the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development within the framework of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study. Selected aspects of entrepreneurship in international terms were subjected to analysis. Particular emphasis was placed on assessing Poland’s situation compared to that of other countries. Special attention was drawn to institutions supporting entrepreneurship in both countries and an attempt was made to specify the directions of their future actions

Simulation of 1/f charge noise affecting a quantum dot in a Si/SiGe structure

Theoretical Physic