A Greenhouse-Gas Information System - Monitoring and Validating Emissions Reporting and Mitigation - Chapter 2: Requirements Framework

Abstract not provide

Encapsulation of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol with tetraethyl orthosilicate for CO2 capture

Carbon capture is widely recognised as an essential strategy to meet global goals for climate protection. Although various CO2 capture technologies including absorption, adsorption and membrane exist, they are not yet mature for post-combustion power plants mainly due to high energy penalty. Hence researchers are concentrating on developing non-aqueous solvents like ionic liquids, CO2-binding organic liquids, nanoparticle hybrid materials and microencapsulated sorbents to minimize the energy consumption for carbon capture. This research aims to develop a novel and efficient approach by encapsulating sorbents to capture CO2 in a cold environment. The conventional emulsion technique was selected for the microcapsule formulation by using 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) as the core sorbent and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as the shell. This paper reports the findings on the formulated microcapsules including key formulation parameters, microstructure, size distribution and thermal cycling stability. Furthermore, the effects of microcapsule quality and absorption temperature on the CO2 loading capacity of the microcapsules were investigated using a self-developed pressure decay method. The preliminary results have shown that the AMP microcapsules are promising to replace conventional sorbents.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC

Economic and energetic analysis of capturing CO[subscript 2] from ambient air

Capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (“air capture”) in an industrial process has been proposed as an option for stabilizing global CO[subscript 2] concentrations. Published analyses suggest these air capture systems may cost a few hundred dollars per tonne of CO[subscript 2], making it cost competitive with mainstream CO[subscript 2] mitigation options like renewable energy, nuclear power, and carbon dioxide capture and storage from large CO[subscript 2] emitting point sources. We investigate the thermodynamic efficiencies of commercial separation systems as well as trace gas removal systems to better understand and constrain the energy requirements and costs of these air capture systems. Our empirical analyses of operating commercial processes suggest that the energetic and financial costs of capturing CO[subscript 2] from the air are likely to have been underestimated. Specifically, our analysis of existing gas separation systems suggests that, unless air capture significantly outperforms these systems, it is likely to require more than 400 kJ of work per mole of CO[subscript 2], requiring it to be powered by CO[subscript 2]-neutral power sources in order to be CO[subscript 2] negative. We estimate that total system costs of an air capture system will be on the order of $1,000 per tonne of CO[subscript 2], based on experience with as-built large-scale trace gas removal systems

Thermal modulation of reaction equilibria controls mass transfer in CO2-binding organic liquids

CO2-Binding organic liquids (CO2BOLs) are non-aqueous solvents which may reduce the parasitic energy of carbon capture processes. These solvents exhibit surprising mass transfer behavior: at fixed pressure driving force, the flux of CO2 into CO2BOLs decreases exponentially with increased temperature, a phenomenon not observed in aqueous amines. Here, we demonstrate that this phenomenon is primarily driven by a shift in reaction equilibrium, which reduces the degree to which chemical reactions enhance the CO2 flux. First-principles surface renewal models quantitatively reproduce mass transfer data for CO2 absorption into 2-EEMPA, IPADM-2-BOL and DBU:Hexanol across a range of temperatures. Density functional theory calculations are used to identify structural modifications likely to improve the CO2 flux. These findings reveal a fundamental trade-off between CO2 flux and the energy required for solvent regeneration, and provide a theoretical foundation for rational solvent design and the development of physics-informed mass transfer models.</p

Review of Methane Mitigation Technologies with Application to Rapid Release of Methane from the Arctic

Methane is the most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, with particular influence on near-term climate change. It poses increasing risk in the future from both direct anthropogenic sources and potential rapid release from the Arctic. A range of mitigation (emissions control) technologies have been developed for anthropogenic sources that can be developed for further application, including to Arctic sources. Significant gaps in understanding remain of the mechanisms, magnitude, and likelihood of rapid methane release from the Arctic. Methane may be released by several pathways, including lakes, wetlands, and oceans, and may be either uniform over large areas or concentrated in patches. Across Arctic sources, bubbles originating in the sediment are the most important mechanism for methane to reach the atmosphere. Most known technologies operate on confined gas streams of 0.1% methane or more, and may be applicable to limited Arctic sources where methane is concentrated in pockets. However, some mitigation strategies developed for rice paddies and agricultural soils are promising for Arctic wetlands and thawing permafrost. Other mitigation strategies specific to the Arctic have been proposed but have yet to be studied. Overall, we identify four avenues of research and development that can serve the dual purposes of addressing current methane sources and potential Arctic sources: (1) methane release detection and quantification, (2) mitigation units for small and remote methane streams, (3) mitigation methods for dilute (<1000 ppm) methane streams, and (4) understanding methanotroph and methanogen ecology