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Not AvailableUsing household-level data from consumer expenditure surveys, this paper examines the dynamics of nutritional insecurity, for both rural and urban populations at all-India level and across states. In 1993-94, about 61 per cent of the rural and 54 per cent of the urban population was calorie deficient. In 2011-12, the prevalence of calorie deficient rural population increased by 5.2 percentage points, and urban population by about 1.5 percentage points. Across income classes, we observe incidence of calorie deficiency declining with an increase in income, but it also exists even among the rich households. Comparatively, the prevalence of protein deficiency is less severe. The spatial patterns of nutritional insecurity show a higher prevalence of calorie deficiency in states with lower incidence of poverty. Further, we find little, if any, evidence of a change in regional patterns of inequality in nutritional insecurity in the past two decades.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableUsing a nationally representative household-level dataset on consumption expenditure, this paper examines the crowding-out effects of tobacco and alcohol spending on food and non-food consumption in rural India. We found a positive relationship between spending on these temptation goods and household income, but in proportionate terms the poor and socially-disadvantaged households spent more on such goods compared to others. In general, their consumption crowded out food expenditure but not as much as non-food expenditure. Tobacco expenditure crowded out more of consumer durables followed by foodgrains, healthcare and education. However, among the poor, foodgrains were traded-off more. Likewise, spending on alcohol also crowded out foodgrains, but the effects were larger for consumer durables and starker among the poor. Across social groups too, consumption of tobacco as well as alcohol led to a reallocation of budgets with consumer durables being most displaced followed by foodgrains. On the whole, the crowding out effects were larger for tobacco than alcohol and were greater for households belonging to the lower rungs of both income and social order. We identified that such crowding-out effects operated through peer effects or social interactions; hence the key inference is that government interventions aimed towards controlling tobacco or alcohol consumption would be more effective if these targeted peer groups and their group leaders.Not Availabl

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