Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Studies of Stem and Root Extracts of Crateva adansonii

Aim: This study was designed to explore the phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the stem and root extracts of Crateva adansonii. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Iyesi village, Ota, Ogun State, and analysis carried out at Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State and for duration of three months (November 2016 to February 2017). Methodology: Standard universal procedures were employed for both phytochemical and antimicrobial analysis. Results: The result obtained from the stem and root extracts of Crateva adansonii indicated the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides. Root extract was found to be richer in source of phytochemicals when compared to the stem extract. However, the highest antibacterial activity was observed against selected bacteria by both stem and root extracts. The potency of the root extract was observed to be higher than the stem extract against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Serratia spp. Conclusion: The preliminary studies on the stem and the root of Crateva adansonii extracts revealed their antimicrobial potential which could be further investigated for global utilization in pharmaceutical treatment, natural therapies, food preservation and cosmetic applications

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Studies of Crateva adansonii Leaf Extract

Diverse challenges of microbial infections and upsurge of multi-drug resistant microbes informed the investigation into the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Crateva adansonii. Cold extraction was carried out using methanol solvent. The crude extract of Crateva adansonii was fractionated into the n-hexane, methanol and chloroform layers successively. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. The antimicrobial assay showed that, for Bacillus spp, the organism was sensitive to the chloroform fraction of leaf extract at 1.562 mg/ml. For Microccocus varians, result showed organism was sensitive to the crude extract at 3.125 mg/ml. According to the result of antifungal screening, the n-hexane fraction and crude extract showed activity against Aspergillus niger at 12.500 mg/ml and 3.125 mg/ml respectively. From these results, the crude extract of the leaf of Crateva adansonii shows activity against both bacteria and Fungi; hence, it may might be a good source of new drug for treating infections caused by these pathogen

Pinus glabra: As a Potential Source of Anti- Mycobacterium tuberculosis Agent: Phytochemical and antimicrobial Studies of its Stem Extracts

With the increasing incidence of tuberculosis and rated second to HIV-AIDS by the World Health Organisation as a leading cause of death from infectious disease and increased resistance to drugs currently in use, there is therefore the need for alternative sources of drugs for the treatment of this disease. Pinus glabra presents as a potential candidate for such drugs discovery. Concoctions derived from the plant have been used to treat cases of rheumatism, cough, piles and catarrh. Sample extraction was performed by soaking the stem samples in ethanol for 172 h, which gave reddish-yellow oil after removal of the ethanol solvent. The oil was partitioned between 1:1 water/chloroform mixture. The aqueous layer was further partitioned separately with ethyl acetate and hexane. The phytochemical screening of the crude ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Antimicrobial tests were performed on the crude ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and hexane fractions against clinical isolates Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp. by measurement of zones of inhibition. All test samples exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against the organisms albeit to different extent

In-vitro Anti-Microbial Studies and GC/MS Analysis of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Polyalthia longifolia (Engl. & Diels) Verde

Extensive studies show that secondary metabolites in plants, used for centuries in traditional medicine, offer new sources of drugs. In the traditional setting, extracts from various parts of the plant Polyalthia longifolia (mast tree) are used in treating several ailments but the components of these extracts, which would allow for meaningful dosage, are not known. We therefore decided to examine the antimicrobial activity by testing on selected microorganisms and identify the volatile components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the leaf extracts of Polyalthia longifolia (mast tree). The crude leaf extract and fractions derived from the crude exhibited anti-microbial activity against two (2) bacteria and two (2) fungi. The chloroform fraction was very active against Salmonella typhi (13.00±0.82) when compared to fractions in other solvents. The GC-MS analysis showed that the extracts were composed fatty acids and their ester along with some long chain aldehydes, like hexadecenal and tetradecenal, and Caryophyllene and Aromandendrene. These chemical constituents may be responsible for the pharmacological and therapeutic activities of this plan

Advancing Algebra Achievement Using Affordances of Classroom Connectivity Technology: The Case for Noticing through Discussion

This article reports on two aspects of a professional learning (PL) and research study. Twenty-five teachers participated in a two-year PL program that sought to support teachers to implement classroom connectivity technology (CCT) in their Algebra I classrooms. Students in one school who learned Algebra I with CCT outperformed their peers who learned without CCT. Therefore, we explored the classroom practices of one teacher whose students attained higher achievement. There were several aspects of this teacher’s instruction that created the context for noticing and potentially led to the significant difference in Algebra I achievement. First, we describe the foundational components of the classroom context that established the expectations for learning and lesson mini cycles that provided a consistent format for students. We discuss several components of this work that supported student noticing, including connections to prior knowledge, task analysis, and carefully curated lessons. Students’ observations were codified in the conjectures that they developed individually and in groups as well as in the summaries of the classroom engagement in several ways. The implications of these results and future research are discussed

Distribution Of Abo, Rhesus Blood Groups And Haemoglobin Electrophoresis Among The Undergraduate Students Of Niger Delta University Nigeria

The distribution of ABO, Rhesus blood groups and haemoglobin electrophoresis among 200 undergraduate students of Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria randomly selected were studied. Blood samples were collected by venepuncture from the antecubital vein. The blood sample were transferred into EDTA bottle and mixed. The determination of the ABO, Rhesus (RhD) blood groups and haemoglobin electrophoresis was done. The results showed that blood group O had the highest percentage distribution of 49% followed by blood groups A and B with 22% respectively and the least percentage distribution was blood group AB which is 7%. Rh-D positive rate was 98% and that of Rh-D negative was found to be 2%. The percentage distribution for the haemoglobin electrophoresis pattern for HbAA, HbAS, HbSS, HbAC and HbSC were 66%, 26%, 2%, 2%, and 4% respectively. HbAA and HbAS occurred more frequently than other haemoglobin variants in this study