In-State versus Out-of-State Students: The Divergence of Interest between Public Universities and State Governments

This paper examines the divergence of interest between universities and state governments concerning standards for admitting in-state versus out-of-state students. We find that public universities set lower minimum admissions standards for in-state than out-of-state applicants, presumably in response to state pressure; while private universities treat both groups equally. However, we also find that favoring in-state applicants goes against states’ long-term financial interest. This is because marginal out-of-state students pay higher tuition than marginal in-state students, pay more in future state taxes, and are equally influenced in whether they locate in the state after graduation by attending public university there

The Changing Composition of American-Citizen PhDs

We describe patterns in the composition of American-citizen doctorate recipients from the early 1960s to 2000. The propensity of bachelor’s degree recipients to earn PhDs varied widely during the 1960s and 1970s, especially for men, but has been relatively constant since the early 1980s. PhD propensity varies widely across students from different types of BA institutions, with higher propensities among those attending research universities and selective liberal-arts colleges. The share of PhDs awarded to women increased dramatically over the past 40 years and was driven largely by increases in the number of women earning BAs

In-State versus Out-of State Students: The Divergence of Interest between Public Universities and State Governments

This paper examines the divergence of interest between universities and state governments concerning standards for admitting in-state versus out-of-state students. States have an interest in using universities to attract and retain high ability individuals because they pay higher taxes and contribute more to economic development. In contrast, universities have an interest in their graduates being successful, but little interest in where students come from or where they go after graduation. We develop and test a model that illustrates the divergence of interest between universities and their states. We find that public universities set lower minimum admissions standards for in-state than out-of-state applicants, presumably following their states' preferences, while private universities on average treat both groups equally. However we find that states in fact gain financially when public universities admit additional out-of-state students. This is because attending a public university in a particular state increases marginal students' probability of locating in the state after graduation by the same amount regardless of whether students are from in-state or out-of-state. And because marginal out-of-state students earn more, their expected future state tax payments are higher. We also estimate states' financial gain when public and private universities admit additional in-state versus out-of-state students who have middle and high ability levels. Surprisingly, we find that high ability students tend to be at least as strongly influenced in their adult location choices by where they attend university than are middle and low ability students. Since high ability students also earn more, this suggests that states gain financially when their universities attract high ability students, regardless of whether the students are from in-state or out-of-state or the universities are public or private. Our results suggest a rationale for public support of flagship public universities that can attract high-ability students.

New Multi-Country Evidence on Purchasing Power Parity: Multi-Variate Unit Root Test Results

In this paper a likelihood-based multi-variate unit root testing framework is utilized to test whether the real exchange rates of G10 countries are non-stationary. The framework uses a likelihood ratio statistic which combines the information across all involved countries while retaining heterogeneous rates of mean reversion. This likelihood ratio statistic has an asymptotic distribution which can be typified as a summation of squared, univariate Dickey and Fuller (1979) distributions. Our multi-variate unit root tests indicate that bilateral G10 real exchange rates are stationary, irrespective of the numeraire country. On the other hand, the choice of the numeraire country seems to be of importance for the issue whether mean reversion rates across G10 real exchange rates are heterogeneous or homogeneous.

Nonlinear Doping of Cuprate Superconductors -- The case of Bi_2Sr_{2-x}La_xCuO_{6+\delta}

We analyze the hole doping mechanism in Bi_2Sr_{2-x}La_xCuO_{6+\delta} (BSLCO). The singular optimum around x=0.35 is found to be connected with a feedback between the doped CuO_2 layers and its dopant reactant [La^{3+}/Bi^{3+}-O_\delta] locking the number of doped holes preferentially on to the universal optimum n_opt=0.16.Comment: Typos correcte

Manipulating sugarbeet plant population to compensate for high nitrogen fertility in southern Minnesota

As sugar beet production approaches or surpasses factory slice rate and process capacity, increasing the amount of sugar in each sugar beet becomes emphasized. A major obstacle to raising a high sugar, high quality sugar beet is excessive nitrogen fertility. Sugar beets yield increases with nitrogen fertility, but sugar beet quality is detrimentally impacted by nitrogen fertility. The objective of this study was to determine if a producer can increase harvest plant population in high nitrogen situations and mitigate the negative impacts of the excess nitrogen. This study was conducted in two environments during the 2019 growing season in a replicated complete block design with a split plot arrangement of six replications. Four nitrogen rates comprised the whole plot and two plant populations comprised the split plot arrangement and were applied at both locations. Fertilizer was applied by hand to reach a total available soil nitrogen level of 120, 160, 200, and 240 lbs ac-1 and incorporated with a field cultivator. Sugar beet was planted at a rate of 120,000 plants ac-1 to ensure adequate establishment and stands were thinned after stand establishment to populations of 43,800 and 71,300 plants ac-1. Nitrogen rate significantly affected quality parameters of percent sugar, percent purity, brei nitrate ppm, and extractable sugar per ton, and the highest quality sugar beet crops were produced on soil fertilized to 120 lbs total available soil N ac-1. Plant populations did not significantly impact sugar beet quality, but did significantly impact sugar beet yield and extractable sugar per acre. Extractable sugar per acre was maximized at 120 lbs available soil N ac-1 and 71,300 plants ac-1. Extractable sugar per ton was maximized at 120 lbs N per acre

A Role of the Bile Salt Receptor FXR in Atherosclerosis

This study reviews current insights into the role of bile salts and bile salt receptors on the progression and regression of atherosclerosis. Bile salts have emerged as important modifiers of lipid and energy metabolism. At the molecular level, bile salts regulate lipid and energy homeostasis mainly via the bile salt receptors FXR and TGR5. Activation of FXR has been shown to improve plasma lipid profiles, whereas Fxr(-/-) mice have increased plasma triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein levels. Nevertheless, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are increased in these mice, suggesting that FXR has both anti-and proatherosclerotic properties. Interestingly, there is increasing evidence for a role of FXR in "nonclassical" bile salt target tissues, eg, vasculature and macrophages. In these tissues, FXR has been shown to influence vascular tension and regulate the unloading of cholesterol from foam cells, respectively. Recent publications have provided insight into the antiinflammatory properties of FXR in atherosclerosis. Bile salt signaling via TGR5 might regulate energy homeostasis, which could serve as an attractive target to increase energy expenditure and weight loss. Interventions aiming to increase cholesterol turnover (eg, by bile salt sequestration) significantly improve plasma lipid profiles and diminish atherosclerosis in animal models. Bile salt metabolism and bile salt signaling pathways represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosi