A New Fault Location Algorithm for Use with Current Differential Protective Relays of Two-Terminal Line

A new fault location algorithm utilising synchronised measurements of two-end currents and one-end voltage is presented. It has been assumed that such fault location algorithm is incorporated into the current differential relay. In this way, the communication between the line ends of differential relays is utilised. By incorporating the fault location function, an increase of the relay functionality is achieved. The derived fault location formula is compact and covers different fault types – what requires setting the appropriate fault type coefficients. High accuracy of fault location is assured by strict considering of the distributed parameter line model. The solution is obtained with applying iterative calculations based on the Newton- Raphson method. For starting the calculations, the solutions obtained for the lumped line model are utilised. The performed ATP-EMTP evaluation prove the validity of the presented fault location algorithm and its high accuracy

New concept for fault location in series-compensated parallel lines

New concept for fault location in series- compensated parallel lines is presented. The developed one-end fault location algorithm offsets the series compensation and the reactance effects as well as takes the countermeasure for the mutual coupling between parallel lines. Its distinctive feature relies in no requirement of the impedance data for the equivalent systems behind both the line terminals and for the possible extra link between the substations. Moreover, complete avoiding of pre-fault measurements is provided. The sample fault location cases for the fault data obtained from versatile ATP-EMTP simulations are included and discussed

Accurate Location of Faults on Three-Terminal Line with Use of Three-End Unsynchronised Measurements

This paper presents a new fault location algorithm for three-terminal line utilising unsynchronised measurements of three-end currents and voltages. The distributed parameter line model is strictly considered for formulating three subroutines of the algorithm. Efficient procedure for selecting the valid results is introduced. The presented results of the ATP-EMTP evaluation prove the validity of the fault location algorithm and its high accuracy

Improving Current and Voltage Transformers Accuracy Using Artificial Neural Network

Part 11: Engineering Applications of AI and Artificial Neural NetworksInternational audienceCapacitive Voltage Transformers (CVTs) and Current Transformers (CTs) are commonly used in high voltage (HV) and extra high voltage (EHV) systems to provide signals for protecting and measuring devices. Transient response of CTs and CVTs could lead to relay mal-operation. To avoid these phenomena, this paper proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) method to correct CTs and CVTs secondary waveform distortions caused by the transients. PSCAD/EMTDC software is employed to produce the required voltage and current signals which are used for the training process and finally the results show that the proposed method is accurate and reliable in estimation of the CT primary current and the CVT primary voltage

Transhumeral Loading During Advanced Upper Extremity Activities of Daily Living

Percutaneous osseointegrated (OI) implants for direct skeletal attachment of upper extremity prosthetics represent an alternative to traditional socket suspension that may yield improved patient function and satisfaction. This is especially true in high-level, transhumeral amputees where prosthetic fitting is challenging and abandonment rates remain high. However, maintaining mechanical integrity of the bone-implant interface is crucial for safe clinical introduction of this technology. The collection of population data on the transhumeral loading environment will aid in the design of compliance and overload protection devices that mitigate the risk of periprosthetic fracture. We collected marker-based upper extremity kinematic data from non-amputee volunteers during advanced activities of daily living (AADLs) that applied dynamic loading to the humerus. These kinematic data are available for download and will aid in the development of overload protection devices and appropriate post-operative rehabilitation protocols that balance return to an active lifestyle with patient safety