Potential for re-emergence of wheat stem rust in the United Kingdom

This is the final version. Available on open access from Springer Nature via the DOI in this recordWheat stem rust, a devastating disease of wheat and barley caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, was largely eradicated in Western Europe during the mid-to-late twentieth century. However, isolated outbreaks have occurred in recent years. Here we investigate whether a lack of resistance in modern European varieties, increased presence of its alternate host barberry and changes in climatic conditions could be facilitating its resurgence. We report the first wheat stem rust occurrence in the United Kingdom in nearly 60 years, with only 20% of UK wheat varieties resistant to this strain. Climate changes over the past 25 years also suggest increasingly conducive conditions for infection. Furthermore, we document the first occurrence in decades of P. graminis on barberry in the UK . Our data illustrate that wheat stem rust does occur in the UK and, when climatic conditions are conducive, could severely harm wheat and barley production.This project was funded by an institute development grant from the EI (Norwich, UK), an Industrial Partnership Award (BB/M025519/1) from the BBSRC, a European Research Council Starting Grant awarded to D.G.O.S. (number 715638), H2020 project EMPHASIS (number 634179), by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programmes BB/J004553/1 and BB/P012574/1, the John Innes Foundation, and an African Women in Agricultural Research and Development (AWARD) fellowship to R.N.K

New knowledge in determining the astronomical orientation of Incas object in Ollantaytambo, Peru

This paper deals about astronomical orientation of Incas objects in Ollantaytambo, which is located about 35 km southeast from Machu Picchu, about 40 km northwest from Cusco, and lies in the Urubamba valley. Everybody writing about Ollantaytambo, shoud read Protzen (1993). He devoted his monograph to description and interpretation of that locality. Book of Salazar and Salazar (2005) deals, among others, with the orientation of objects in Ollantaytambo with respect to the cardinal direction. Zawaski and Malville (2007) documented astronomical context of major monuments of nine sites in Peru, including Ollantaytambo. We tested astronomical orientation in these places and confirm or disprove hypothesis about purpose of Incas objects. For assessment orientation of objects we used our measurements and also satellite images on Google Earth and digital elevation model from ASTER. The satellite images used to approximate estimation of astronomical orientation. The digital elevation model is useful in the mountains, where we need the really horizon for a calculation of sunset and sunrise on specific days (solstices), which were for Incas people very important. By Incas is very famous that they worshiped the Sun. According to him they determined when to plant and when to harvest the crop. In this paper we focused on Temple of the Sun, also known the Wall of six monoliths. We tested which astronomical phenomenon is connected with this Temple. First, we tested winter solstice sunrise and the rides of the Pleiades for the epochs 2000, 1500 and 1000 A.D. According with our results the Temple isn't connected neither with winter solstice sunrise nor with the Pleiades. Then we tested also winter solstice sunset. We tried to use the line from an observation point near ruins of the Temple of Sun, to west-north, in direction to sunset. The astronomical azimuth from this point was about 5° less then we need. From this results we found, that is possible to find another observation point. By Salazar and Salazar (2005) we found observation point at the corner (east rectangle) of the pyramid by Pacaritanpu, down by the riverside. There is a line connecting the east rectangular "platform" at the river, going along the Inca road up to vicinity of the Temple of the Sun and then in the direction to the Inca face. Using a digital elevation model we found the astronomical azimuth, which is needed for confirm astronomical orientation of the Temple. So, finally we are able to demonstrate a possibility of the solar-solstice orientation in Ollantaytambo

Original Article Experimental Therapy with 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]- 2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP): Origin of Resistance (MRP4 / MRP5 / PMEDAP resistance)

Abbreviations: DTX -docetaxel, MRP (1-5) -multiple drug resistance protein, PMEA -9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine, PMEDAP -9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-2,6-diaminopurine, RQ-RT-PCR -real-time quantitative reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction, SD/Cub -Sprague-Dawley inbred rats/Charles University Biology. Abstract. The role of MRP4 and MRP5 transporters in the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate PMEDAP efflux was studied in vitro (CCRF-CEM cells) and in vivo (spontaneous transplantable T-cell lymphoma of SD/Cub inbred rats). The increased resistance against the cytostatic agent PMEDAP during longterm treatment was found to be associated with overexpression of MRP4 and MRP5 genes. The course of both gene activation differs significantly. While the MRP5 function is important in the onset of PMEDAP resistance, the intensity of the relative MRP4 gene expression increases rather continuously. Our data indicate cooperative acting of both MRP4 and MRP5 genes during the PMEDAP resistance development

Potential for re-emergence of wheat stem rust in the United Kingdom.

Wheat stem rust, a devastating disease of wheat and barley caused by the fungal pathogenPuccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, was largely eradicated in Western Europe during the mid-to-latetwentieth century. However, isolated outbreaks have occurred in recent years. Here weinvestigate whether a lack of resistance in modern European varieties, increased presence of itsalternate host barberry and changes in climatic conditions could be facilitating its resurgence.We report the first wheat stem rust occurrence in the United Kingdom in nearly 60 years,with only 20% of UK wheat varieties resistant to this strain. Climate changes over the past 25years also suggest increasingly conducive conditions for infection. Furthermore, we documentthe first occurrence in decades of P. graminis on barberry in the UK . Our data illustrate thatwheat stem rust does occur in the UK and, when climatic conditions are conducive, couldseverely harm wheat and barley production