Effects of Weather Presentation Symbology on General Aviation Pilot Behavior, Workload and Visual Scanning

Objective: The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of cockpit weather presentation symbology on General Aviation (GA) pilot weather avoidance, weather presentation usage, and cognitive workload. Background: To support the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) program, on-going efforts focus on the implementation and use of weather technologies and weather presentations. Currently, there are no Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or industry standards for the presentation of weather information in the cockpit. Method: Twenty-five instrument-rated GA pilots were randomly allocated to one of three simulation groups. During two 25-minute simulation flights, participants flew a Cessna 172 single-engine GA aircraft (using autopilot) under Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) and Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). The pilots had to avoid the weather by using the cockpit weather presentation. We manipulated the cockpit weather presentation so that each pilot group used a different weather presentation symbology. Results: We found group differences in weather deviations, visual scanning behavior, and cognitive workload. Conclusions: Variations in weather presentations (colors and symbology) seem to affect pilot behavior and decision-making. Applications: This simulation is part of an on-going assessment of the effects of weather presentation symbology related to the standardization and optimization of weather presentations in cockpits

Therapeutic drug monitoring of ganciclovir for postnatal cytomegalovirus infection in an extremely low birth weight infant: a case report

Background: Ganciclovir is a therapeutic choice for extremely premature infants with severe postnatal cytomegalovirus disease, but little is known about its optimal dose size and dosing interval for them. Case presentation: We treated an extremely premature female infant with postnatal cytomegalovirus infection with intravenous administration of ganciclovir since 49 days of life (postmenstrual age of 31 weeks). After ganciclovir treatment was initiated at a dose of 5 mg/kg every 12 h, cytomegalovirus loads in the peripheral blood were markedly decreased. However, since plasma ganciclovir trough level was too high, the interval was extended to every 24 h. Subsequently, the trough level and the estimated 12-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-12) were decreased from 3.5 mg/L to 0.3 mg/L and 53.9 mg ・ h/L to 19.2 mg ・ h/L, respectively, resulting in an exacerbation of viremia and clinical condition. Adjustment of dosing interval from 24 h to 12 h led to a peak level of 4.2 mg/L, trough level of 1.1 mg/L, and AUC0-12 of 31.8 mg ・ h/L, resulting in a marked suppression of viral load. Conclusions: Monitoring the therapeutic drug levels and cytomegalovirus loads is useful in obtaining a proper treatment effect and preventing overdosage during ganciclovir therapy in premature infants with postnatal cytomegalovirus infection

Western Water Policy Review Advisory Committee: An Opportunity Not To Be Lost

From the time of George Washington the American political system has struggled over whether management and administration of natural resources should be made at the national level, or at the state, regional, or local level. A graduate seminar at Cornell University in 1996 shows that centralized federal effort to plan for water and resources have not succeeded, but the benefits of comprehensive planning and management can be successfully merged into the 'real world' of federal decision making without major changes

Breaking the Incrementalist Trap: Achieving Unified Management of the Great Lakes Ecosystem

Policy evolution was characterized by Charles Lindblom three decades ago as "fragmented, disjointed incrementalism. " He argued incrementalism made the best use of very limited theory and data upon which to base decisions. This was a maj or intellectual challenge to the advocates of comprehensive planning based upon scientific principles and analysis. The result has been further research on how to achieve effective strategic policy innovations. Of special relevance to the Great Lakes has been recent research stimulated by the prospect of global climate change. We combine it with the results of a seminar that has simulated the application of ecosystem planning to the Great Lakes, and use the synthesis to illustrate that the prerequisites for nonincremental decision making are slowly being achieved. Suggestions are made to speed that process. KEY TERMS: Environmental Management, Great Lakes, policy Development, Comprehensive planning, Intergovernmental Relations

Potential interstate institutional Entities for Water Resource Planning

A.E. Res. 83-1

Managing Transboundary Water Conflicts: The United States and Its Boundary Commissions

The management of transboundary water resources between the united states, Mexico and Canada is changing. For about 100 years the governments have depended on two institutions --the International Joint Commission (U.S.-Canada) and the International Boundary and Water Commission (U.S.-Mexico). Forces for change in the roles of the IJC and the IBWC involve the policy movements reflected in the phrases Environmental Management, Ecological Processes, Bio-Diversity, sustainability of Renewable Resources, and Global Climate Change. with Ford Foundation support, a tri-national working conference was convened to consider; Emerging Boundary Environmental Challenges; Improving Management Capacity Of Governments And Commissions; Commissions Relation To States And Provinces; Improving Public Participation; Ecosystem Management; How To Accommodate An Uncertain Future. Summaries are presented with initial thoughts on responses to the issues. Analysis is tentative; conclusions preliminary. The project is still underway and comments are invited. Commissions Relation To States And Provinces and the resulting effects on issue resolution and implementation are examined in more detail here to illustrate the tentative nature of the work. This topic is examined in relation to decisions for local water and related resource use at transboundary areas; and to how changes are affecting the way governments are approaching some classes of international boundary issues

Has the Time Come to Regulate Farmers: We Already Do, But How Do We Decide What Is Enough, How Clean is Clean

The wetlands issue appears to be the major focus of the farm groups who argue that restraints on the drainage of wet soils restrict output and world competitiveness in a major way for a negligible return in habitat and water quality improvement. Political stability on the wetland issue may be very hard to achieve given the very large potential capital gains from non-farmland development and the long standing animosity between waterfowl enthusiasts and farm groups. At the larger system level, the North American Migratory Water Fowl Plan responds to the relevant treaties and serves as a focal point for some impressive private support groups. The idea of municipalities trading pollution reduction opportunities with farmers who can achieve goals for streams more cheaply may provide incentives for innovation. A number of states have experimented with adding regulatory features to their conservation efforts in the name of water quality. The future expectation is that for the immediate future, state and local developments will probably take the lead in terms of innovations in regulation

Responding to White Supremacy: Public Images and Legacies at Yale University

Founded in 1701, Yale University ranks among the original nine colleges established before the American Revolution. It was named for Elihu Yale, who donated money, books, and a portrait of King George I to the college in 1718. Among the legacies of Yale and other early American universities, is the interconnected history of trade, politics, and higher education. Slavery, both native and African, is an undeniable part of that history. Indeed, early American academies sought to educate people t..