Nuclear fusion and renewable energy forms: Are they compatible?

Nuclear fusion can be considered as a base-load power plant technology: High investment costs and limited operational flexibility require continuous operation. Wind and solar, on the other hand, as the putative main pillars of a future renewable energy system, are intermittent power sources. The resulting variations that occur on many different time scales require at first sight a rather flexible back-up system to balance this stochastic behavior. Fusion would appear not to be well suited for this task. The situation changes, however, if a large-scale renewable energy system is envisaged based on a transnational, or even transcontinental power grid. The present paper discusses a possible European power system in the year 2050 and beyond. A high percentage share of renewable energies and a strong power grid spanning the whole of Europe and involving neighboring countries, in particular those in North Africa, are assumed. The linear programming model URBS is used to describe the power system. The model optimizes the overall system costs and simulates power plant operation with an hourly resolution for one whole year. The geographical resolution is at least at the country level. The renewable technologies are modeled first on a more local level and then summed together at the country or regional level. The results indicate that the smoothing effects of the large-scale power grid transform the intermittent renewable supply, which is then more compatible with base-load power plants such as fusion reactors

Iptek penukar ion : sejarah, hakekat sifat, pembuatan...

xi,237p : il.; 23 cm

Iptek Penukar Ion

xii, 238 hlm.; 23 c

Injury potential of one-litre beer steins.

To access publisher's full text version of this article click on the hyperlink belowInjuries resulting from blows with beer steins are a frequent occurrence during annual autumn fairs or at beer halls in South Germany and Austria. The majority of these cases are tried in court and thus being assessed by a forensic medicine expert. The article at hand gives a short overview on the injury potential of one-litre beer steins and explains the key variables to consider when analyzing beer stein injuries. On the basis of representative cases, which were assessed by specialists from the Institute of Legal Medicine of the Munich University over the last 5 years, the main biomechanical aspects and resulting injuries of one-litre beer stein assaults are discussed. Several severe and potentially life-threatening injuries have been observed after an assault with a one-litre beer stein. There is a discrepancy between the mechanical stability of brand new and used steins and the corresponding injuries, which can be explained by a decrease in impact tolerance of the steins with their use. In general, a blow with a one-litre glass or stonework beer stein to the head can cause severe and even life-threatening blunt as well as sharp trauma injuries

Substituted Quinoline Quinones as Surrogates for the PQQ Cofactor: An Electrochemical and Computational Study

Pyrroloquinoline quinones (PQQ) are important cofactors that shuttle redox equivalents in diverse metalloproteins. Quinoline 7,8-quinones have been synthesized and characterized as surrogates for PQQ to elucidate redox energetics within metalloenzyme active sites. The quinoline 7,8-quinones were accessed using polymer-supported iodoxybenzoic acid and the compounds evaluated using solution electrochemistry. Together with a family of quinones, the products were evaluated computationally and used to generate a predictive correlation between a computed Δ<i>G</i> and the experimental reduction potentials

Substituted Quinoline Quinones as Surrogates for the PQQ Cofactor: An Electrochemical and Computational Study

Pyrroloquinoline quinones (PQQ) are important cofactors that shuttle redox equivalents in diverse metalloproteins. Quinoline 7,8-quinones have been synthesized and characterized as surrogates for PQQ to elucidate redox energetics within metalloenzyme active sites. The quinoline 7,8-quinones were accessed using polymer-supported iodoxybenzoic acid and the compounds evaluated using solution electrochemistry. Together with a family of quinones, the products were evaluated computationally and used to generate a predictive correlation between a computed Δ<i>G</i> and the experimental reduction potentials

On-line measurement of chlorobenzene in waste incineration flue gas as a surrogate for the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-<em>p</em>-dioxins/furans (I-TEQ) using mobile resonance laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Mobile resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS) was applied for on-line detection of surrogates for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/F) in the flue gas of an industrial hazardous waste incineration plant (thermal power: 22 MW). Conventional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) measurements have been performed to establish an indicator relation between the best suited surrogate (monochlorobenzene) and the PCDD/F concentration in the flue gas (measured in international toxicity equivalents, I-TEQ). The indicator relation allows the estimation of the actual PCDD/F emission from the on-line registered MCBz signal. Furthermore, several other aromatic components have been measured on-line. During transient instabilities of the combustion conditions, e.g. due to barrel uptake, highly dynamic changes in the emission profiles of substituted benzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were observed