Intellectual property rights, private investment in research, and productivity growth in Indian agriculture: A review of evidence and options

With the growth of private investment in developing-country agriculture, new advances in the biological sciences, and rapid integration of developing countries into the global trading system, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have become an important concern for policymakers, corporate decisionmakers, and many other players in the agricultural sector. But there are still unanswered questions about whether emerging and evolving IPR regimes in developing countries will contribute to increasing agricultural productivity and improving food security. This paper attempts to answer some of these questions by tracing the effects of IPRs on private investment in crop genetic improvement and, in turn, on agricultural productivity. The paper focuses specifically on the case of India, the regional leader in implementing IPRs in agriculture. Findings indicate that maize and pearl millet yields grew significantly during the last two decades due to the combination of (1) public policies that encouraged private investment in India's seed industry during the 1980s, (2) public investment in hybrid breeding programs that generated new materials offering substantial yield gains, and (3) biological IPRs conferred by hybridization that conveniently married the private sector's need for appropriability with the nation's need for productivity growth. Although past lessons are not an indication of future success, this convergence of policy solutions and technology opportunities can be replicated for other crops that are vital to India's food security.Agricultural productivity, agricultural research and development, food security, Intellectual property rights,

The seed and agricultural biotechnology industries in India: An analysis of industry structure, competition, and policy options

Since the late 1980s, technological advances and policy reforms have opened up new opportunities for growth in India's seed and agricultural biotechnology industries. The impacts of such changes have been significant in India's cotton sector, but less so for the country's main cereal crops, where both yield and output growth rates have been relatively stagnant. Some public policymakers and corporate decisionmakers are confident that the private sector will help reverse these trends, arguing that the right combination of new technological solutions and progressive policy reforms will unleash a significant increase in private investment in productivity-enhancing products and services. The structure of India's seed and agbiotech industries, as well as the policies designed to support their growth, will be a significant determinant of this expected impact. This paper examines the structure of India's cereal seed and agbiotech industries, its potential effects on innovation and social welfare, and the policies that may improve both industry performance and the delivery of new technologies to resource-poor, small-scale farmers in India's cereal production systems. We focus our analysis on indicators and scenarios within India's agricultural innovation market for improved seed and agricultural biotechnology products. This market includes firms engaged in the development, commercialization, and marketing of new seed-based technologies; it is characterized by a high level of knowledge intensity, relatively high levels of R&D investment, significant barriers to entry, significant levels of regulation, and relatively few products in the market. And it is within this market that factors such as strategic corporate behavior and public policy can affect the balance between a socially desirable rate of innovation, on the one hand, and a socially desirable distribution of the gains from innovation among consumers, farmers, and innovators, on the other hand.Seed markets, Agricultural biotechnology, industrial organization, Cereal crops,

Impact of Self Help Groups in Gender Mainstreaming: A Case Study on Fish Amino Enterprise in Vypin, Kerala

A study for assessing the impact of SHGs in gender mainstreaming was undertaken on the fish amino acid producing units operating at Vypin located at Ernakulam District of Kerala. The analysis included specific aspects such as performance assessment of the SHGs, gender analysis, empowerment analysis and economic feasibility analysis which were carried out based on socio-economic surveys and personal interviews using pre-tested and structured data gathering protocols with standardized scales and indices involving the members of the SHGs. The male and female counterparts of the families were separately interviewed to assess the gender mainstreaming aspects in terms of equity and equality to access to resources, participation profile, decision making aspects, gender need analysis etc. Though majority of activities are female dominated, the male counterparts of the households also have definite role in decision making, purchase of accessories, sales, marketing etc. The indicative economics worked out for the economic feasibility analysis of the SHGs suggests that, the unit takes just one year to break even. A success case study was elucidated and documented as a documentary movie which can be used as a case model for promoting group action for mobilizing SHGs on a sustainable basis

Using post-measurement information in state discrimination

We consider a special form of state discrimination in which after the measurement we are given additional information that may help us identify the state. This task plays a central role in the analysis of quantum cryptographic protocols in the noisy-storage model, where the identity of the state corresponds to a certain bit string, and the additional information is typically a choice of encoding that is initially unknown to the cheating party. We first provide simple optimality conditions for measurements for any such problem, and show upper and lower bounds on the success probability. For a certain class of problems, we furthermore provide tight bounds on how useful post-measurement information can be. In particular, we show that for this class finding the optimal measurement for the task of state discrimination with post-measurement information does in fact reduce to solving a different problem of state discrimination without such information. However, we show that for the corresponding classical state discrimination problems with post-measurement information such a reduction is impossible, by relating the success probability to the violation of Bell inequalities. This suggests the usefulness of post-measurement information as another feature that distinguishes the classical from a quantum world.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, revtex, v2: published version, minor change

COMMUNITY BASED NODE COOPERATIVE IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORK

Generally In a network you will find selfish nodes , which don’t want to forward other’s information, Because of these nodes network performance will decrease drastically, sometimes even it get disconnected. From last few years research is going on this problem, and there are so many solutions were proposed, which are related to some incentive approaches, and some Game theory approaches. But in case of large social networks implementing these methods are difficult and also becomes more complicated. So Instead of implementing methods on single node, it is better to divide the network into communities. If we divide the social network into some communities we can define some standard method over the communities to improve the network performance against the selfish nodes

CBDC: EMPIRICAL STUDY ON DETERMINANTS OF CBDC USAGE PURPOSE AMONG CONSUMERS

Abstract The initiative from the government of India in making India into a digitally vibrant nation is highly admirable. India economic growth over the decade is raising at higher rate, it due to adoption of digitalization in every part of economy from banking, business, and international payment. Banks are updating according to needs and demands of the consumers providing amenable services at finger tips of the consumers. From small vendor to high business transitions are carry forward with the help of digital transition or digital currency. The primary objective of the study is determining CBDC usage purpose among consumers. The study used convenient sampling method and covered 160 banking consumers using digital banking. The findings of the study show Determinants of CBDC Usage Purpose among Consumers have been segregated into two dominant dimensions namely Payment Terminal and Financial Statibility Factor which dealing with cost of using online banking, usage of the same at all branches both nationally and internationally and security of the banking. The second factor is Usage and Payment Efficiency Factor which deals with usage of the digital banking, efficiency of the payment over the geographical location and ability of use the same without internet connections. Consumer Perception on CBDC have been segregated into two dominant dimensions namely Expectancy and Performance Factor which deals with expectancy of the consumers over usage of CBDC, knowledge on using digital currency and trust over the banking while using digital currency. A positive and significant impact of Consumer Perception on CBDC on Determinants of CBDC Usage Purpose among Consumers has been identified

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON CONSUMERS' PERCEPTION ON PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS E-PRODUCTS THROUGH E-RETAIL MARKET

Abstract The emergence of internet has created opportunities for firms to stay competitive by providing customers with a convenient, faster and cheaper way to make purchases. Electronic Retailing is more than just buying and selling products online. It also includes entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing and paying for products and services. India has shown tremendous growth in E-Retailing segment. With an internet user base of over 300 million, India has third largest internet population after US & China. India has witnessed major breakthrough E-commerce success stories particularly in e-retail in Consumer Electronics & Fashion Apparel & Home Furnishing segments. E-Retailing creates new opportunities for entrepreneurial start-ups. Ease of Internet access, Safe and secure payment modes coupled with aggressive marketing by E-Retailing Giants has revolutionized this segment. Rapid development in mobile technology has given way to e-logistics companies to serve people as and when required very effectively

Stress and anxiety detection: deep learning and higher order statistic approach

Today's teenagers are dealing with anxiety and stress. Anxiety, depression, and suicide rates have increased in recent years because of increased social rivalry. The research is focused on detecting anxiety in students due to exam pressure to reduce the potential harm to a person's wellness. Research is performed on databases for anxious states based on psychological stimulation (DASPS) and our own database. The measured signal is divided into sub bands that correspond to the electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms using the Butterworth sixth-order order filter. In higher dimensional space, the nonlinearities of each sub-band signal are analyzed using higher order statistics third-order cumulants (TOC). We have classified stress and anxiety using the support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (K-NN), and deep learning bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network. In comparison to previous techniques, the proposed system's performance using BiLSTM is quite good. The best accuracy in this analysis was 87% on the DASPS database and 98% on the own database. Finally, subjects with high stress levels had more gamma activity than subjects with little stress. This could be an important attribute in the classification of stress

Physico–Chemical Analysis Of Sugar Mill Effluents And Its Effect On Seed Germination Of Paddy (Oryza sativa) and Green gram (Vigna radiata)

Sugar factories assume a noteworthy part in discharging so as to contaminate the water bodies and land a lot of wastewater as profluent. The sugar plant effluents are having high measure of suspended solids, broke up solids, BOD, COD, chlorides, sulfates and so on. The ceaseless utilization of these effluents destructively influences the yields when utilized for watering system. In the present study, physico-synthetic parameters of sugar factory profluent was resolved and the impact of different fixations (0%, 10%, 25%, half, 75 % and 100%) of the gushing on seed germination, germination pace of Paddy (Oryza sativa) and Green gram (Vigna radiata) was likewise contemplated. The low gushing pH , all out broke down solids, natural oxygen interest and substance oxygen request, show the high inorganic and natural substance with an acidic burden. Germination rates diminish with expanding grouping of emanating in the seeds tried with untreated sugar factory effluents and the germination rate was asusual and typical in the seeds tried with the treated gushing