Relating imperatives to action

The aim of this chapter is to provide an analysis of the use of logically complex imperatives, in particular, imperatives of the form Do A1 or A2 and Do A, if B. We argue for an analysis of imperatives in terms of classical logic which takes into account the influence of background information on imperatives. We show that by doing so one can avoid some counter-intuitive results which have been associated with analyses of imperatives in terms of classical logic. In particular, I address Hamblin's observations concerning rule-like imperatives and Ross' Paradox. The analysis is carried out within an agent-based logical framework. This analysis explicates what it means for an agent to have a successful policy for action with respect to satisfying his or her commitments, where some of these commitments have been introduced as a result of imperative language use

Seasonal primary production in Antarctic sea ice at McMurdo Sound in 1967

Between late June and early December 1967, observations were made at numerous stations in McMurdo Sound in the Antarctic. This paper, dealing primarily with Sts. A and H in the Hut Point region, provides some new physico-chemical data on the ice habitat as well as information on the development of microalgal populations in the sea ice, data on levels of chlorophyll a and particulate carbon, and results of periodic laboratory measurements of C14 fixation

The Effect of the Bentonite Clay Constituents in a Flocculent of FeCl3 and CaMg.2(OH)2 during AMD Treatment Ntwampe OI1, Waanders FB2 and Bunt JR2

Abstract: Two sets of experiments were conducted by pouring 200 mL of the acid mine drainage (AMD) decant from Krugersdorp (South Africa) into five 500 mL beakers (mixing) and Erlenmeyer flasks (shaking) and dosed with 20- 60 mL of FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, CaMg.2(OH)2 and a combination of FeCl3 with CaMg.2(OH)2 (af-PFCl) respectively. The samples were placed in a flocculator and a shaker and stirred at 250 rpm for 2 minutes respectively, settled for 1 hour and the pH, conductivity and turbidity were measured. A third similar set of experiments was conducted without mixing settled for 1 hour and the same measurement taken. The fourth and fifth sets of experiments were conducted with CaMg.2(OH)2 and afPFCl flocculent respectively. The novelty of this study is to determine the turbidity removal efficiency using FeCl3 and CaMg.2(OH)2 in a form of unprocessed polymers. The results showed that the pH and residual turbidity in the samples with Fe3+ salts, CaMg.2(OH)2 is relatively identical to those in the samples with af-PFCl dosages. The turbidity removal efficiencies exhibited by the Fe salts, CaMg.2(OH)2 and af-PFCl were optimal. The pH and residual turbidity in the AMD samples with mixing, shaking and without mixing indicate that destabilization-hydrolysis is influenced by the physico-chemical properties of the solution, whereas mechanical agitation mainly disperses the reagent(s). Optimal turbidity removal of the samples without mixing also indicates that perikinetic flocculation is a predominant process during aggregation/flocs formation

Potential Modulatory Microbiome Therapies for Prevention or Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

A disturbed interaction between the gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system plays a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Various compounds that are produced by the gut microbiota, from its metabolism of diverse dietary sources, have been found to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties in in vitro and in vivo models relevant to IBD. These gut microbiota-derived metabolites may have similar, or more potent gut homeostasis-promoting effects compared to the widely-studied short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Available data suggest that mainly members of the Firmicutes are responsible for producing metabolites with the aforementioned effects, a phylum that is generally underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. Further efforts aiming at characterizing such metabolites and examining their properties may help to develop novel modulatory microbiome therapies to treat or prevent IBD

Toezicht en compliance

Two contradictory developments characterize modern corporate regulation. On the one hand, the demand for public supervision and control is ever increasing. New supervisory authorities are founded and existing agencies are assigned more power. On the other hand, corporations should be trusted for their abilities to regulate themselves and monitor their compliance status through i

"How May I Help You?": Modeling Twitter Customer Service Conversations Using Fine-Grained Dialogue Acts

Given the increasing popularity of customer service dialogue on Twitter, analysis of conversation data is essential to understand trends in customer and agent behavior for the purpose of automating customer service interactions. In this work, we develop a novel taxonomy of fine-grained "dialogue acts" frequently observed in customer service, showcasing acts that are more suited to the domain than the more generic existing taxonomies. Using a sequential SVM-HMM model, we model conversation flow, predicting the dialogue act of a given turn in real-time. We characterize differences between customer and agent behavior in Twitter customer service conversations, and investigate the effect of testing our system on different customer service industries. Finally, we use a data-driven approach to predict important conversation outcomes: customer satisfaction, customer frustration, and overall problem resolution. We show that the type and location of certain dialogue acts in a conversation have a significant effect on the probability of desirable and undesirable outcomes, and present actionable rules based on our findings. The patterns and rules we derive can be used as guidelines for outcome-driven automated customer service platforms.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, IUI 201

PAX6 does not regulate Nfia and Nfib expression during neocortical development

The Nuclear factor I (NFI) family of transcription factors regulates proliferation and differentiation throughout the developing central nervous system. In the developing telencephalon of humans and mice, reduced Nfi expression is associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum and other neurodevelopmental defects. Currently, little is known about how Nfi expression is regulated during early telencephalic development. PAX6, a transcription factor important for telencephalic development, has been proposed as an upstream regulator of Nfi expression in the neocortex. Here we demonstrate that, in the developing neocortex of mice, NFIA and NFIB are endogenously expressed in gradients with high caudo-medial to low rostro-lateral expression and are most highly expressed in the cortical plate. We found that this expression pattern deviates from that of PAX6, suggesting that PAX6 does not drive Nfi expression. This is supported by in vitro reporter assays showing that PAX6 overexpression does not regulate Nfi promoter activity. Similarly, we also found that in the Pax6 Small Eye mutant, no changes in Nfi mRNA or protein expression are observed in the neocortical ventricular zone where PAX6 and the NFIs are expressed. Together these data demonstrate that in mice, PAX6 is not a transcriptional activator of Nfi expression during neocortical development