Genetics of CM-proteins (A-hordeins) in barley

The CM-proteins, which are the main components of the A-hordeins, include four previously described proteins (CMa-1, CMb-1, CMc-1, CMd-1), plus a new one, CMe-1, which has been tentatively included in this group on the basis of its solubility properties and electrophoretic mobility. The variability of the five proteins has been investigated among 38 Hordeum vulgare cultivars and 17 H. spontaneum accessions. Proteins CMa-1, CMc-1 and CMd-1 were invariant within the cultivated species; CMd was also invariant in the wild one. The inheritance of variants CMb-1/CMb-2 and CMe-1/CMe-2,2 was studied in a cross H. spontaneum x H. vulgare. The first two proteins were inherited as codominantly expressed allelic variations of a single mendelian gene. Components CMe-2,2 were jointly inherited and codominantly expressed with respect to CMe-1. Gene CMb and gene(s) CMe were found to be unlinked. The chromosomal locations of genes encoding CM-proteins were investigated using wheat-barley addition lines. Genes CMa and CMc were associated with chromosome 1, and genes CMb and CMd with chromosome 4. These gene locations further support the proposed homoeology of chromosomes 1 and 4 of barley with chromosomes groups 7 and 4 of wheat, respectively. Gene(s) CMe has been assigned to chromosome 3 of barley. The accumulation of protein CMe-1 is totally blocked in the high lysine mutant Riso 1508 and partially so in the high lysine barley Hiproly

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was &lt;1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p

Rajakerrosmallin kehittäminen tuulivoimalan lapojen jäätymisen simulointiohjelmaan

An improved boundary-layer model for the ice accretion software TURBICE was developed in this study. Special attention was paid to the surface roughness that is present in icing phenomena. Methods were selected based on requirements posed by detailed mass and heat transfer analyses related to the ice build-up. The developed differential boundary-layer model relies on transformation to describe an airfoil by a flat plate surface with a rectangular grid. Keller's box method is applied to solve the differential boundary-layer equations. An algebraic turbulence model based on mixing length is applied and modified for rough surfaces. The airfoil is simulated in a downstream marching order and, therefore, only flows without separation and reversed flow can be simulated. The model estimates the transition point by means of en method for smooth surfaces. A criterion based on the height of the sand-grain roughness is used with rough surfaces. The model was tested on a flat plate and a NACA 0012 airfoil, both for smooth and rough surfaces. Two additional transition models were also adopted for testing. Transition results together with the boundary-layer parameters were compared to theoretical models and experimental data. Results of the boundary-layer flow for a flat plate accurately coincide with theory. For a NACA 0012 airfoil, the results compare well with the angles of attack ranging from e.g. -5 to +5 degrees depending on the Reynolds number. Transition location was estimated with good accuracy. Inconsistencies were located on the leading edge and in the transition region. The rapid change of the boundary-layer parameters near the transition point was unphysical and could be estimated more effectively with a two-way coupled structure. Numerical behaviour, grid settings and the skin-friction coefficient definition caused the values of the skin-friction and heat-transfer coefficients to be overestimated on the leading edge. Heat transfer coefficient distributions were compared to the current version of TURBICE and experimental tests. Both the new model and TURBICE compared well with the experimental results for a smooth surface, but as the roughness was added, the new model produced more accurate results than TURBICE. One of the benefits of the new model is the more accurate local velocity profiles within the boundary layer, which enables more advanced heat and mass transfer analyses and application of a two-dimensional icing model in the future. Another benefit stems from the application of the inverse method, which allows the model to simulate short laminar separation bubbles. This is the first step towards simulating the regions of separated flow behind the horn type ice shapes.Tässä työssä kehitettiin parannettu rajakerrosmalli jäätymistä simuloivaan TURBICE ohjelmaan. Huomiota kiinnitettiin erityisesti pinnan karheuteen. jota esiintyy jäätymisilmiössä. Menetelmien valinnassa painotettiin yksityiskohtaisen massan- ja lämmönsiirtoanalyysin vaatimuksia jään kertymisessä. Kehitetty differentiaalinen rajakerrosmalli muuntaa siipiprofiilin tasolevyksi ja kuvaa sen suorakaiteen muotoisella laskentahilalla. Differentiaalimuotoiset rajakerrosyhtälöt ratkaistaan Kellerin laatikkomenetelmällä. Mallissa käytetään sekoituspituuteen perustuvaa algebrallista turbulenssimallia. joka on muokattu käytettäväksi karheilla pinnoilla. Siipiprofiilia simuloidaan järjestyksessä virtauksen suuntaisesti. joten ainoastaan kiinnittynyttä virtausta ilman virtauksen irtoamista ja takaisinvirtausta voidaan mallintaa. Malli arvioi transitiopisteen sijainnin en menetelmällä sileällä pinnalla. Karhealla pinnalla käytetään pinnankarheuden suuruuteen perustuvaa menetelmää. Mallia testattiin tasolevyllä ja NACA 0012 siipiprofiililla sekä sileälle että karhealle pinnalle. Kahta muuta transitiomallia käytettiin myös testaukseen. Transition tuloksia ja rajakerroksen parametreja verrattiin teoreettisiin malleihin ja kokeellisista tutkimuksista saatuihin tuloksiin. Tasolevyn tulokset vastaavat teoriaa tarkasti. NACA 0012 siipiprofiilille tulokset ovat hyviä esimerkiksi kohtauskulmien -5° ja +5° välillä riippuen Reynoldsin luvusta. Transitiopisteen sijainti arvioitiin hyvin. Epäkohtia tuloksissa löytyi johtoreunalla ja transitioalueella. Rajakerrosparametrien nopea muutos transitiopisteen lähellä oli luonnotonta ja niiden arviointia voitaisiin parantaa kaksisuuntaisella kytkennällä rajakerrosmallin ja kitkattoman virtauksen ratkaisijan välillä. Kitkakertoimen ja lämmönsiirtokertoimen arvot johtoreunalla olivat liian suuria yhtälöiden ratkaisun numeerisesta luonteesta, laskentahilan asetuksista ja kitkakertoimen määritelmästä johtuen. Lämmönsiirtokertoimen jakaumia verrattiin nykyiseen TURBICE versioon ja kokeellisiin tuloksiin. Sekä uuden mallin että TURBICE -ohjelman tulokset vastasivat hyvin kokeellisia tuloksia sileällä pinnalla, mutta karhealla pinnalla uusi rajakerrosmalli tuotti tarkempia tuloksia kuin TURBICE. Yksi uuden mallin etu on, että rajakerroksen paikalliset nopeusjakaumat voidaan mallintaa tarkasti. Se mahdollistaa edistyneemmän massan- ja lämmönsiirtoanalyysin sekä kaksiulotteisen jäätymismällin käytön tulevaisuudessa. Toinen etu on, että kun käänteinen menetelmä lisätään malliin, sillä voidaan mallintaa lyhyitä laminaareja irtoamiskuplia. Se on ensimmäinen askel kohti irronneen virtauksen alueen mallinnusta virtausta häiritsevien epäaerodynaamisten jäänmuotojen takana