Le choix de la franchise ou de l’intégration verticale : une étude empirique

Dans cet article, nous testons l’impact de trois approches sur le choix de la franchise ou de l’intégration verticale : (1) la thèse de la rareté des ressources, (2) la théorie de l’agence et (3) l’approche fondée sur les connaissances organisationnelles. Si les deux premières approches sont classiques dans les travaux sur la franchise, la troisième l’est beaucoup moins. Les résultats de notre étude suggèrent que l’approche fondée sur les connaissances organisationnelles permet d’améliorer sensiblement la compréhension du choix de la franchise ou de l’intégration verticale par rapport aux deux autres approches.The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the knowledge-based view of the firm explains variance in the decision to franchise or company-own outlets beyond what is explained by the resource scarcity and agency perspectives. While the first two approaches are common in the franchising literature, the third one has rarely been used in this context. Empirical findings suggest that the extent of tacit knowledge transfer helps better explain why chain operators expand through franchising or company ownership.En este artículo, testamos el impacto de tres enfoques sobre la elección de la franquicia o de la integración vertical: (1) la tesis de la rareza de los recursos, (2) la teoría de la agencia y (3) el enfoque fundado sobre los conocimientos organizacionales. Si los dos primeros enfoques son clásicos en los trabajos sobre la franquicia, el tercero lo es mucho menos. Los resultados de nuestro estudio sugeren que el enfoque fundado sobre los conocimientos organizacionales permite mejorar de manera sensible la comprensión de la elección de la franquicia o de la integración vertical con relación a los dos otros enfoques

An empirical investigation of IT outsourcing vs. quasi-outsourcing in France and Germany

An increasingly large number of firms outsource their information technology (IT). Firms that contemplate such outsourcing have two alternatives: (1) a contract with a vendor (i.e., outsourcing) or (2) setting up their own IT subsidiary (i.e., quasi-outsourcing). This study examines some of the determinants of the outsourcing versus quasi-outsourcing decision. Using primary data collected in France and Germany, we show that the decision is strongly influenced by both internal (i.e., asset-specificity, size, and internal organization of IT) and external (i.e., institutional environment) determinants

The determinants of total IT outsourcing: An empirical investigation of French and German firms

An increasingly large number of firms outsource their Information Technology (IT) to outside vendors. Firms that contemplate IT outsourcing have two alternatives: (1) outsource part of their IT activity (i.e., "selective outsourcing") or (2) outsource their entire IT activity (i.e., "total outsourcing"). It has been repeatedly reported that total IT outsourcing efforts have far lower success rates than selective ones. Using primary data collected both in France and Germany, we investigate the reasons why some firms engage in this apparently sub-optimal practice

Knowledge in economics and economic reform : an analysis of French survey data

ESSEC Working paper. Document de Recherche ESSEC / Centre de recherche de l'ESSEC ISSN : 1291-9616 WP 1103The coexistence of a predominantly poor opinion of free markets and lack of education in economics are two documented features of France. In this paper, we use data collected through an Internet-based survey conducted in December 2009 in order to test whether this situation is more than a mere coincidence. A first regression model allows us to study how personal characteristics, general and economics education, occupation and personal interest in economics affect knowledge in economics. We then apply factor analysis in order to build an aggregate indicator of opinion on promarket reforms. This opinion indicator becomes the dependent variable in a second multiple regression model; it turns out that knowledge in economics contributes by 3.5% to explain the favorable opinion on pro-market reforms

Complete S-matrix in a microwave cavity at room temperature

We experimentally study the widths of resonances in a two-dimensional microwave cavity at room temperature. By developing a model for the coupling antennas, we are able to discriminate their contribution from those of ohmic losses to the broadening of resonances. Concerning ohmic losses, we experimentally put to evidence two mechanisms: damping along propagation and absorption at the contour, the latter being responsible for variations of widths from mode to mode due to its dependence on the spatial distribution of the field at the contour. A theory, based on an S-matrix formalism, is given for these variations. It is successfully validated through measurements of several hundreds of resonances in a rectangular cavity.Comment: submitted to PR

Boundary losses and spatial statistics of complex modes in a chaotic microwave cavity

submitted to PRLWe experimentally study the various manifestations of ohmic losses in a two-dimensional microwave chaotic cavity and exhibit two different contributions to the resonance widths. We show that the parts of these widths, which vary from mode to mode, are associated to ohmic losses located at the boundary of the cavity. We also describe how this non-proportional damping is responsible for the complex character of wavefunctions (corresponding to a spatially non-uniform phase), which is ubiquitous in open or dissipative wave systems. We experimentally demonstrate that the non-proportional widths are related to a single parameter, which measures the amount of complexity of wavefunctions, and provide theoretical arguments in favor of this relation

First Steps Towards an Organology Of Virtual Instruments In Computer Music

International audienceIn this paper, we will first take assess of 25 years of interactive real-time music, and introduce the problem of preservation of this music for the future generations, that is to say its ability to be re-performed, and not only to preserve the recordings. We present the state of the art in the field of active preservation of real-time works. We then give an overview of the solutions developed by IRCAM and its partners Grame, Armines ParisTech and CIEREC, in the framework of the ASTREE project, and explain the possibilities envisioned in a case study that is En Echo by Philippe Manoury

CHAOS ONDULATOIRE EN PRÉSENCE DE PERTES : MODÉLISATION ET EXPÉRIENCE DE BILLARDS MICRO-ONDES

Mathias Fink, Professeur à l'ESPCI, Paris, Président; Patricio Leboeuf, Directeur de Recherche, Orsay, Rapporteur; Olivier Legrand, Professeur, UNSA, Directeur de Thèse; Fabrice Mortessagne, Maître de Conférence, UNSA, Co-directeur de Thèse; Hans-Jürgen Stöckmann, Professeur, Marburg(Allemagne); Richard Weaver, Professeur, Urbana(USA), RapporteurQuasi-2D microwave cavities constitute experimental model systems of wave chaos. At room temperature, these cavities present ohmic dissipation implying losses that can be found, with various physical origins, in all wave systems. Our study concentrates on the impact of losses on the properties of these systems. After a short introduction to wave chaos, we describe the experimental set-up in details. We then develop the complete calculation of the scattering matrix to yield a description in terms of discrete resonances. The characteristic parameters for each resonance are extracted from our measurements by an original fitting procedure. The analysis of these parameters enables us to check the validity of our description and to highlight, for the first time, a relation between the widths of resonances due to losses and the imaginary part of the wavefunction.Les cavités micro-ondes quasi-2D constituent des systèmes expérimentaux modèles du chaos ondulatoire. À température ambiante, ces cavités présentent une dissipation ohmique entraînant des pertes que l'on retrouve, avec des origines physiques diverses, dans tous les systèmes ondulatoires. Notre étude se concentre sur l'impact des pertes sur les propriétés de ces systèmes. Après une brève introduction au chaos ondulatoire, nous décrivons en détails l'ensemble du dispositif expérimental. Nous développons ensuite le calcul complet de la matrice de diffusion et aboutissons à une description en termes de résonances discrètes. Les paramètres caractéristiques de chaque résonance sont extraits de nos mesures par une procédure d'ajustement originale. L'analyse de ces paramètres nous permet de vérifier la validité de notre description et de mettre en évidence, pour la première fois, une relation entre les largeurs des résonances dues aux pertes et la partie imaginaire de la fonction d'onde