Stereochemical assignment of the protein-protein interaction inhibitor JBIR-22 by total synthesis

The authors acknowledge the EPSRC and Cancer Research UK (CRUK Grant No. C21383/A6950) for funding this research.Recent reports have highlighted the biological activity associated with a sub-family of the tetramic acid class of natural products. Despite the fact that members of this sub-family act as protein-protein interaction inhibitors of relevance to proteasome assembly, no synthetic work has been reported. This may be because this sub-family contains an unnatural 4,4-disubstitued glutamic acid, the synthesis of which provides a key challenge. Here we describe a highly stereoselective route to a masked form of this unnatural amino acid. This enabled the synthesis of two of the possible diastereomers of JBIR-22 and allowed its relative and absolute stereochemistry to be assigned.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Origins of Oxygen Atoms in a Marine Ladder-Frame Polyether: Evidence of Monooxygenation by ¹⁸O-Labeling and Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Yessotoxin is a ladder-frame polyether produced by the dinoflagellate <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i>. Previous labeling experiments using ¹³C-acetate established the unique assembly of the carbon chain from intact and cleaved acetate units. The origins of ether and hydroxy oxygens in the molecule, which would yield further information regarding the assembly of the ladder-frame structure, have yet to be established. In this study, we describe the incorporation of ¹⁸O in one experiment where the dinoflagellate was cultured under ¹⁸O₂ atmosphere and in a second where the culture media was supplemented with [¹⁸O₂]­acetate. Labeled yessotoxin obtained from these experiments was subjected to collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry to determine the positions of ¹⁸O-incorporation pattern in the molecule. Detailed analyses of product ions from the fragmentation processes led to the identification of ¹⁸O-labeled positions and the incorporation ratios. The data revealed that the ether oxygens were labeled from ¹⁸O₂ and the hydroxy oxygen on C32 was derived from [¹⁸O₂]­acetate. These results support a proposed biosynthetic mechanism of marine ladder-frame polyethers that a polyene precursor was oxidized by a monooxygenase after acetate condensation