Technological development of hard capsules of sertraline hydrochloride

Fast release capsules, containing sertraline hydrochloride, pregelatinized maize starch and microcrystalline cellulose were formulated. For this purpose, different technological assays were elaborated being the formulation 2 selected as the better technological variant. Dry powders were filled into hard gelatin capsules. From this formulation were derived capsules with satisfactory technological properties. The quantification of sertraline through HPLC UV detection method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity and selectivity. The method was linear over the concentration range 0.5 to 0.75 mg/mL and was shown to be highly reproducible. It could be used, without any interference of capsule excipients, for determination of sertraline from solid dosage form. Hard capsules showed an adequate stability during 24 months demonstrating the feasibility from the process of production of this formulation. Parameters, f1 and f2, were used to confirm similarity of dissolution, in deaerated distilled water, of test formulation and capsules of Prosertin as reference product.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

A multivariate strategy for tablet manufacturing optimization

The objective of this work was to develop a multivariate strategy to optimize tablet manufacturing employing mephenesin as model drug. The process variables for granulation step were binders and lubricants types, while the mixture variables included the proportions of binders and lubricants. To reduce the experimentation and tablet characterization in the compression step, a principal component analysis was performed. Tabletting process was studied according to a three level factorial design. The factors were the scores in first principal component of granulation variables and hardness of the tablets. The properties of tablets were mainly influenced for the scores of granules. The optimum formulation, achieved using the desirability function, was the formulation with PVP K 90 as binder (4.25 %) and talc as lubricant (1.25 %). The multivariate strategy provides an effective tool for tablet manufacturing optimization when the high experimentation costs are prohibitive or the granulation process is influenced by many factors.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

FIGURES 134–142 in Tarsal Organ Morphology and the Phylogeny of Goblin Spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae), With Notes on Basal Genera

FIGURES 134–142. Sulsula pauper (O. P.-Cambridge), females from Algeria (134–138), Egypt (139, 140), and Sudan (141, 142). 134. Carapace, dorsal view. 135. Same, anterior view. 136. Abdomen, ventral view. 137, 139, 141. Genitalia, ventral view. 138, 140, 142. Same, dorsal view.Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Abrahim, Naiara, Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Andriamalala, Daniela, Baehr, Barbara C., Baert, Léon, Bonaldo, Alexandre B., Brescovit, Antonio D., Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia, Dupérré, Nadine, Eichenberger, Beata, Fannes, Wouter, Gaublomme, Eva, Gillespie, Rosemary G., Grismado, Cristian J., Griswold, Charles E., Harvey, Mark S., Henrard, Arnaud, Hormiga, Gustavo, Izquierdo, Matías A., Jocqué, Rudy, Kranz-Baltensperger, Yvonne, Kropf, Christian, Ott, Ricardo, Ramírez, Martín J., Raven, Robert J., Rheims, Cristina A., Ruiz, Gustavo R.S., Santos, Adalberto J., Saucedo, Alma, Sierwald, Petra, Szüts, Tamás, Ubick, Darrell & Wang, Xin-Ping, 2012, Tarsal Organ Morphology and the Phylogeny of Goblin Spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae), With Notes on Basal Genera, pp. 1-52 in American Museum Novitates 2012 (3736) on page 17, DOI: 10.1206/3736.2, http://zenodo.org/record/536018

Kapitia Forster 1956

Kapitia Forster Kapitia Forster, 1956: 166 (type species by original designation Kapitia obscura Forster). DIAGNOSIS: The lack of a heavily sclerotized sperm duct within the male palp, combined with the presence of a 4-4-3-3 tarsal organ receptor pattern and an H-shaped eye arrangement, is diagnostic for the genus.Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Abrahim, Naiara, Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Andriamalala, Daniela, Baehr, Barbara C., Baert, Léon, Bonaldo, Alexandre B., Brescovit, Antonio D., Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia, Dupérré, Nadine, Eichenberger, Beata, Fannes, Wouter, Gaublomme, Eva, Gillespie, Rosemary G., Grismado, Cristian J., Griswold, Charles E., Harvey, Mark S., Henrard, Arnaud, Hormiga, Gustavo, Izquierdo, Matías A., Jocqué, Rudy, Kranz-Baltensperger, Yvonne, Kropf, Christian, Ott, Ricardo, Ramírez, Martín J., Raven, Robert J., Rheims, Cristina A., Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., Santos, Adalberto J., Saucedo, Alma, Sierwald, Petra, Szüts, Tamás, Ubick, Darrell & Wang, Xin-Ping, 2012, Tarsal Organ Morphology and the Phylogeny of Goblin Spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae), With Notes on Basal Genera, pp. 1-52 in American Museum Novitates 2012 (3736) on page 46, DOI: 10.1206/3736.2, http://zenodo.org/record/536018

FIGURES 233–247 in Tarsal Organ Morphology and the Phylogeny of Goblin Spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae), With Notes on Basal Genera

FIGURES 233–247. Dalmasula lorelei, new species, female (233–241), D. parvimana (Simon), male (242–247). 233. Posterior median spinneret, apical view. 234. Posterior lateral spinneret, apical view. 235. Claws of leg I, anterior view. 236. Trichobothrial base from tibia III, dorsal view. 237. Tarsal organ from leg I, dorsal view. 238. Same, leg II. 239. Same, leg III. 240. Same, leg IV. 241. Same, palp. 242. Habitus, dorsal view. 243, 246. Left palp, prolateral view. 244, 247. Same, retrolateral view. 245. Habitus, ventral view.Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Abrahim, Naiara, Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Andriamalala, Daniela, Baehr, Barbara C., Baert, Léon, Bonaldo, Alexandre B., Brescovit, Antonio D., Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia, Dupérré, Nadine, Eichenberger, Beata, Fannes, Wouter, Gaublomme, Eva, Gillespie, Rosemary G., Grismado, Cristian J., Griswold, Charles E., Harvey, Mark S., Henrard, Arnaud, Hormiga, Gustavo, Izquierdo, Matías A., Jocqué, Rudy, Kranz-Baltensperger, Yvonne, Kropf, Christian, Ott, Ricardo, Ramírez, Martín J., Raven, Robert J., Rheims, Cristina A., Ruiz, Gustavo R.S., Santos, Adalberto J., Saucedo, Alma, Sierwald, Petra, Szüts, Tamás, Ubick, Darrell & Wang, Xin-Ping, 2012, Tarsal Organ Morphology and the Phylogeny of Goblin Spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae), With Notes on Basal Genera, pp. 1-52 in American Museum Novitates 2012 (3736) on page 24, DOI: 10.1206/3736.2, http://zenodo.org/record/536018

Sulsula Simon, and Dalmas 1916

Sulsula Simon Sulsula Simon, 1882: 237 (type species by monotypy Sulsula longipes Simon). Salsula: Simon, 1893: 294. NOTE: Simon (1893) regarded the original spelling of the genus as a printer’s error, but the spelling occurs twice in Simon (1882) and his alternate spelling was rejected by Dalmas (1916: 204) and subsequent authors. DIAGNOSIS: Members of Sulsula resemble those of Dalmasula in having a globose abdomen (figs. 143, 144), but can be distinguished by the absence of cheliceral teeth, the much smaller colulus (fig. 158; cf. figs. 188, 273, 274), and the uniquely modified tarsal organs, which have a distal, semicircular groove as well as a pair of laterally directed ridges (figs. 168–172). Males have a simple embolus, without a conductor (figs. 127, 128), and the female genital area lacks the anterior sclerotizations found in Dalmasula (fig. 136).Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Abrahim, Naiara, Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Andriamalala, Daniela, Baehr, Barbara C., Baert, Léon, Bonaldo, Alexandre B., Brescovit, Antonio D., Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia, Dupérré, Nadine, Eichenberger, Beata, Fannes, Wouter, Gaublomme, Eva, Gillespie, Rosemary G., Grismado, Cristian J., Griswold, Charles E., Harvey, Mark S., Henrard, Arnaud, Hormiga, Gustavo, Izquierdo, Matías A., Jocqué, Rudy, Kranz-Baltensperger, Yvonne, Kropf, Christian, Ott, Ricardo, Ramírez, Martín J., Raven, Robert J., Rheims, Cristina A., Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., Santos, Adalberto J., Saucedo, Alma, Sierwald, Petra, Szüts, Tamás, Ubick, Darrell & Wang, Xin-Ping, 2012, Tarsal Organ Morphology and the Phylogeny of Goblin Spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae), With Notes on Basal Genera, pp. 1-52 in American Museum Novitates 2012 (3736) on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.1206/3736.2, http://zenodo.org/record/536018

Dalmasula lorelei Platnick & Abrahim & Álvarez-Padilla & Andriamalala & Baehr & Baert & Bonaldo & Brescovit & Chousou-Polydouri & Dupérré & Eichenberger & Fannes & Gaublomme & Gillespie & Grismado & Griswold & Harvey & Henrard & Hormiga & Izquierdo & Jocqué & Kranz-Baltensperger & Kropf & Ott & Ramírez & Raven & Rheims & Ruiz & Santos & Saucedo & Sierwald & Szüts & Ubick & Wang 2012, new species

Dalmasula lorelei Platnick and Dupérré, new species Figures 173–241 TYPES: Male holotype and female allotype taken in pitfall traps at a site 10 km east of Lorelei Mine, Lüderitz District, Karas, Namibia (Aug. 9–22, 1990; C. Roberts, E. Marais), deposited in NMNW (ex 41492, PBI _ OON 33774). ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. DIAGNOSIS: Males differ from those of D. parvimana in having a longer embolus (figs. 185, 186), from those of D. tsumkwe in lacking cheliceral apophyses and having an unsclerotized palpal conductor (figs. 209, 210), and from those of D. griswoldi in having a narrow embolus (figs. 185, 186); females have much larger ridges at the anterior end of the genital area (fig. 215) than do those of the other known females. MALE (PBI_ OON 33774, figs. 173–210): Total length 2.13. Posterior eye row straight from front. Chelicerae anterior face unmodified. Epigastric furrow unmodified. Leg spination: tibiae: I d0-1-1, p1-0-1, v0-0-2, r1-0-1; II d0-0-1, p1-0-1, v0-0-2, r1-0-0; III d0-0-1, p0-0-1, v1p-1p-2, r0-0-1; IV d0-0-1, p0-0-1; metatarsi: I p1-0-0, v0-0-1p, r1-0-0; II p0-0-1, v0-0-1p; III v0-1p-1p; IV p0-1-0, v0-1p-1p, r0-1-0. Palp with embolus long, thin, basally sinuous, accompanied by long, thin, parallel, translucent conductor. FEMALE (PBI_ OON 33774, figs. 211–241): Total length 2.24. Palpal spines absent. Leg spination: tibiae: I p1-0-1, v0-0-1r, r1-0-1; II p1-0-1, v0-1p-1r, r1-0-1; III, IV d0-0-1, p1-0-1, v0-1p-1p, r1-0-1; metatarsi: I, II d1-0-0, p1-0-0, r1-0-0; III d1-0-0, v2-0-1p, r1-1-0; IV d1-1-0, p1-1-0, v1p-0-1p, r1-1-0. Epigastric area with pair of elevated, anteriorly and medially sclerotized paramedian ridges, anterior genitalic projection with narrow anterior extension. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Namibia: Erongo: Lower Ostrich Gorge, 22°20′S, 14°58′E, Rössing Mine Survey, June 6, 1984, in web at base of tree trunk (E. Griffin, NMNW 38953, PBI _ OON 33761), 1♀; 3.5 km N Okondeka, 18°57′S, 15°50′E, May 16–June 15, 1986, pitfall trap (E. Griffin, NMNW 39382, PBI _ OON 33776), 1♀. Karas: Lüderitz District: 10 km E Lorelei Mine, Aug. 9–22, 1990, pitfalls (C. Roberts, E. Marais, NMNW 41492, PBI _ OON 33774), 7♂. DISTRIBUTION: Namibia (Erongo, Karas).Published as part of Platnick, Norman I., Abrahim, Naiara, Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Andriamalala, Daniela, Baehr, Barbara C., Baert, Léon, Bonaldo, Alexandre B., Brescovit, Antonio D., Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia, Dupérré, Nadine, Eichenberger, Beata, Fannes, Wouter, Gaublomme, Eva, Gillespie, Rosemary G., Grismado, Cristian J., Griswold, Charles E., Harvey, Mark S., Henrard, Arnaud, Hormiga, Gustavo, Izquierdo, Matías A., Jocqué, Rudy, Kranz-Baltensperger, Yvonne, Kropf, Christian, Ott, Ricardo, Ramírez, Martín J., Raven, Robert J., Rheims, Cristina A., Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., Santos, Adalberto J., Saucedo, Alma, Sierwald, Petra, Szüts, Tamás, Ubick, Darrell & Wang, Xin-Ping, 2012, Tarsal Organ Morphology and the Phylogeny of Goblin Spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae), With Notes on Basal Genera, pp. 1-52 in American Museum Novitates 2012 (3736) on page 43, DOI: 10.1206/3736.2, http://zenodo.org/record/536018

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field