Qualitative Characteristics of Hot Smoked, Cold Smoked and Ovenried Heterotis Niloticus under Cold Storage Temperature Condition

The quality characteristics of processed fresh Heterotis niloticus collected from Badagry Lagoon area of Lagos was investigated under different processing methods. Hot smoked (at 800c at 12 hours per day for two days), Cold smoked (at 300c for 18 hours) and oven dried (at 600c for two days) with regular turning of the fish manually. Each of the processed samples (consisting of 20 samples in each treatment.) were separately kept in transparent nylon and put in a freezer for 12 week at -250c. Samples were taken fortnightly for various analysis. A total of 80 fresh Heterotis niloticus (descaled, degutted and washed with clean water) averaging 350 ± 0.88gm, total length 26.50 ± 0.64 cm) were collected for this study. Initial and final proximate analysis for the different processed fish samples were taken as well as chemical analysis (P.V, F.F.A and T.V.B-N), organoleptic assessment (appearance, taste, texture and odour) and microbial analysis (isolation, identification and count) were also examined at two weeks interval. The initial and final proximate analysis of cold smoked processed Heterotis niloticus had highest moisture content of 32.73% (initial ), and 27.21%  (final), protein (41.20% and 42.32%). Oven dried; moisture content (27.80%, 25.70%), protein (37.40%, 38.83%) while Hot smoked, also had a moisture content of (28.71%, 26.68%) crude protein (38.75% and 39.26%) respectively. Chemical parameters were significantly different p?0.05 for the three processing methods (cold smoked, hot smoked and oven dried as follows,. TVB-N (3.11, 2.54 and 2.60) mg N/100gm., FFA (5.21%, 4.68% and 4.85% ) and PV mean values(4.31,3.75 and4.85) meq/kg respectively. The organoleptic assessment score was just satisfactory at eight week of storage, especially for odour, but Hot smoked samples was still good at 10th week and oven dried samples was satisfactory. Microbial count (bacteria and fungi), the cold smoked product was significantly different at p?0.05 from the other two processing methods. Mean bacteria count was highest (70.14cfu/gm), followed by oven dried (2.14 cfu/gm) and least (2.00 cfu/gm) in hot smoked. Mean total microbial count was highest (575 cfu/gm) for cold smoked, 28 cfu/gm (oven dried) and the heat is 24 cfu/gm in hot smoked. The best processing method is hot smoking with the least microbial count 24 cfu/gm, T.V.B-N 2.54 mg N/100gm, F.F.A 4.68% and 3.75 meq/kg. spoilage increase with storage length with positive correlation (r) recorded for all the parameters in the 3 processing methods. Microbial count /isolation was not recorded for (0-8weeks) in hot smoked fish fish with Staphylococous aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa not represented throughout the 12weeks of study. In oven dried, bacteria and fungi were represented as from the 12th weeks while only two fungi specie (Aspeigillus niger and Sacchromyces sp occurred only in the 10th week. All the microbial species were represented through the 12weeks in the oven dried fish. Organoleptic assessment showed hot smoked with the best appearance, taste, texture and odour (with mean scores of (4.74, 5.02, 4.72, and4.79) followed by oven dried (4.62,4.71,4.70, and 4.64); while the worst processing method is cold smoked (4.10, 3.95, 4.07 and 3.26) with just satisfactory (3.95 and 3.26) taste and odour at 12 week of cold storage at -250c Keywords: Quality characteristics, Cold smoked, Oven dried

Grid Computing: A Desirable Tool for Electronic Governance

This paper explained how Government at different levels can apply Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to achieve efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability in Government to Government (G2G), Government to Employee (G2E), Government to Citizen (G2C) and Government to Business (G2B).    This application is referred to as Electronic Governance (e-Governance).   The system enables citizens to make best use of automated administration processes that are accessible on-line.   Grid computing is an ideal solution to this type of administrative processes.  This paper therefore presents how Grid computing can be used to effectively and efficiently meet the yearnings of citizenry. In this paper, we demonstrated the creation of a virtual environment by using Grid technologies to a specific e-governance application on distributed resources.  We presented a framework for the adoption of grid computing for e-governance management using Electronic Bill server (EB server), Comprehensive Welfare and Social Services server (CWSS server) and Corporation sever (C server).  Experiments were run with the Grid environment and without Grid environment by considering the number of jobs completed and the period to complete various jobs submitted for processing using MATLAB. The number of jobs completed by EB server by using Grid: are 20, 40, 60, 80,100 and 120 while 15, 25, 33, 60, 72 and 90 were completed without Grid under the same condition.  The numbers of jobs completed by CWSS server with Grid are: 30,50,70,90,120 and 130 while 22.5, 37.5, 52.5, 67.5 90 and 97.5 were completed without Grid.   The numbers of jobs completed by Corporation server under Grid are: 30,50,70,90,120 and 130 while 24, 40,56,72,96 and 104 were completed without Grid.   The period to complete various jobs submitted for processing by the EB serve under Grid are: 18,30, 42,54,72 and 88minutes while 30,50,70,90,120 and 130minutes were required without Grid.     For CWSS server, the period to complete various jobs submitted for processing under Grid are: 6.5.19.5,32.5,45.5,58.5,78 and 84.5 minutes while 10, 30,50,70,90,120 and 130minutes  were required without Grid.  For Corporation server, the period to complete various jobs submitted for processing under Grid are:  6.4,19.2,32,44.8,57.6, 76.8 and 82.2minutes while 10,30,50,70,90 120, and 130minutes were required without Grid. The result of simulation revealed that implementing an e-Governance solution was cost effective, efficient, consistent and reduced job processing time with high quality of result and providing better services to citizens. Key words: E-Governance, Grid Applications, Grid Computing, Grid environment, Grid Infrastructure and Grid Resource Broke

A Qualitative Study on Perception, Attitude and Apathy towards Non-Pharmaceutical Precautionary Measures against COVID-19 among Residents of Ibadan, Nigeria

Background: COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and within a short period of time it had become a pandemic that will go down in history as a one, perhaps non-intentional, biological warfare against humanity. It not only caused a global health crises but also a crisis in the political, economic, educational, entertainment (including sports, recreation, tourism) and other facets of humanendeavours. COVID-19 has challenged the wittiness of biological, basic and applied scientists, educational, communication and other social scientists to bring their expertise on board to curtail its spread. It has also altered day to day national, international governance structures with serious global diplomatic and economic challenges and shrinks the gap between the rich, not so rich and poor nations as it exposes the vulnerabilities of all in response to its threats to lives and livelihoods. Serious efforts are going on to develop pharmaceutical interventions, nevertheless the most cost effective way out is non-pharmaceutical interventions of physical/socialdistancing, regular washing of hands, use of alcohol based hand sanitizers, consistent and proper use of face masks to halt or limit the spread of the virus. The researchers’ main objective was to unravel the perception, attitude and apathy of residents of Ibadan, Nigeria towards non-pharmaceutical precautionary measures against the spread of COVID-19.Materials and Methods: This was a qualitative study. It involved residents of Ibadan living around or in contact with the researchers, having been found by the researchers not to be observing non-pharmaceutical precautionary measures against COVID-19. Thematic analysis was done through identification, coding and categorizing patterns or themes in the data collected.Results:  The study focused on perception, attitude and apathy towards precautionary measures among residents of Ibadan. Thirty people were interviewed, including 8 (26.6%) aged 20-30 years, 10 (30.3%) 31-40, 4(13.3%) 41-50 and 8 (26.7%) aged 51 years above. 19 (63.3%) were Christians while 11 (36.7%) were Muslims. On educational status, 6 (20.0%) had no formal education, 11 (36.7%) had secondary education while 13(43.3) had tertiary education .Most of the respondents, except a few, believed that COVID-19 was not real claiming to have only seen those that had been infected by the virus in the country on different media platforms such as on television and social media platforms. Many of the respondents had a positive attitude while some were indifferent claiming that they could never be infected no matter how they lived their lives. Majority claimed that it was almost impossible to maintain social distance as they had to go out in public cars, visit markets and also visit relatives who would not understand them if they decided to keep social distance.Conclusion: The study revealed good perception of the disease, poor attitude and apathy towards many aspects of the use of non-pharmaceutical precautionary measures. Keywords: COVID-19, Non-Pharmaceutical Precautionary Measure

Comparación de la termometría digital infrarroja y electrónica en pollos de engorde

Se utilizaron datos de la temperatura corporal (BT) obtenidos de 150 pollos de engorde no envejecidos de 28 d de edad para comparar la exactitud de los diferentes termómetros. Se utilizaron simultáneamente termómetros digitales electrónicos (ED) e infrarrojos (IR) para medir BT. La termometría de ED se realizó a través del recto (TEMPd) mientras que el termómetro IR se usó en la apertura del recto (TEMPiR), la frente (TEMPiH) y bajo las alas (TEMPiW). Los datos se sometieron a análisis de correlación de ANOVA y Pearson. Diagramas de dispersión se representaron para generar R2 para las relaciones entre las lecturas del termómetro. El tipo de termómetro tuvo un efecto significativo (P 0,001) a TEMPiW, pero el dúo fue significativamente mayor que TEMPiR y TEMPiH. TEMPiH no fue significativamente diferente de la de la apertura del recto. Existe correlación positiva entre TEMPd y TEMPiW (r = 0.327) mientras que la correlación entre TEMPd y TEMPiH es negativa (r = -0.250). TEMPiR no tuvo correlación significativa (P> 0,05) con TEMPd (r = 0,061). Regresión lineal de TEMPd con TEMPiR, TEMPiH y TEMPiW rindió R2 valores de 0,003, 0,062 y 0,106, respectivamente. Las desviaciones de TEMPd obtenidas fueron de 3,63, 3,79 y -0,12oC para TEMPiR, TEMPiH y TEMPiW, respectivamente. TEMPiR y TEMPiH en pollos de engorde no produjeron lecturas similares en comparación con los termómetros ED. La termometría con IR debajo de las alas dio una lectura más cercana con el termómetro ED. La precisión del termómetro IR en los pollos de engorde depende del punto en la superficie del cuerpo del que se toma la lectura. Las lecturas con IR debajo de las alas imitan la temperatura corporal central

Vagal reflex stimulation complicating retrieval of an unusual foreign body from the laryngotracheal lumen: Case report

Foreign body impaction in the aero digestive tract is a life-threatening emergency, particularly in the paediatric age group. Removal under general anaesthesia poses both surgical and anaesthetic challenges and this may rarely result in mortality. We report a case of a 4 year old boy with an unusual foreign body (FB) impacted in the laryngotracheal causing difficult intubation and precluding tracheostomy with attendant vasovagal reflex stimulation and cardiac arrest. Clinical presentation and radiological evaluation of the patient were highlighted with a review of pertinent literature. We conclude that dis-impacting a foreign body in the trachea could potentiate bradycardia and cardiac arrest; co-existing hypercarbia and/or sepsis increase the risk and worsen the prognosis

Cryosurvival of goat spermatozoa in tris-egg yolk extender supplemented with melatonin

The effect of melatonin supplementation in semen extenders on cryosurvival of spermatozoa obtained from West African Dwarf (WAD) goat bucks was studied. Tris-egg yolk extenders supplemented with different levels of melatonin (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mM) were diluted with semen samples. The diluted semen samples were cryopreserved for 30 days and thereafter evaluated for sperm quality characteristics. Following cryopreservation, acrosome reaction and capacitation of spermatozoa were induced in vitro. The results showed higher (P<0.05) sperm motility, acrosome integrity and membrane integrity in extenders supplemented with melatonin compared to the control and these parameters were optimal at 6 mM and 8 mM of melatonin (P<0.05). Extender supplemented with melatonin at 8 mM consistently improved acrosome reaction and capacitation of spermatozoa (P<0.05). The results showed reduced (P<0.05) sperm abnormality and malondialdehyde concentrations in extenders supplemented with melatonin compared to the control and these parameters were lower at 6 mM and 8 mM respectively. The findings revealed that 8 mM of melatonin supplementation in tris-egg yolk extender was consistently effective for improving viability of spermatozoa of WAD goat bucks during cryopreservation

Comparison of infrared, electronic digital and mercury-inglass thermometers: 2. Red sokoto goats

Forty eight (male=8; female=40) adult Red Sokoto goats were used in an experiment to compare accuracy of different thermometers. Body temperature (BT) was concurrently measured with electronic digital (ED), mercury-in-glass (MG) and infrared (IR) thermometers. ED and MG thermometry was taken via the rectum (TEMPd and TEMPa respectively) while the IR thermometer was used on the opening of the rectum (TEMPiR) and forehead (TEMPiH). The data were subjected to analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis. Scatter diagrams were plotted to generate R squared for the relationships between the readings of the thermometers. Thermometer type had significant (P<0.001) effect on BT in RS goats. TEMPd was similar (P>0.05) to TEMPa, but the duo were significantly higher than TEMPiR and TEMPiH. BT from IR thermometer on the forehead was significantly lower than at the opening of the rectum. There was strong positive significant (P<0.001) correlation between TEMPd and TEMPa (r=0.958). TEMPd and TEMPa had significant (P<0.001) correlations with TEMPiR (r=0.519 and r=0.562 respectively), but not (P>0.05) with TEMPiH. Linear regression of TEMPd with TEMPa, TEMPiR and TEMPiH yielded R2 of 0.918, 0.269 and 0.040 respectively. Deviations from TEMPd obtained were 0.23, 0.91 and 1.69oC for TEMPa, TEMPiR and TEMPiH respectively. The use IR thermometer on the forehead of RS did not yield similar reading compared to other thermometers. Temperature measurement with IR thermometer on the opening of the rectum of RS goats seems to be more accurate than on the forehead.Keywords: rectal temperature, heat stress, health, welfare, diagnosi

Comparison of infrared, electronic digital and mercury-in glass thermometers: 1. West African dwarf goats

Monitoring body temperature accurately is essential in livestock production. Data of body temperature measurements taken concurrently with electronic digital (ED), mercury-in-glass (MG) and infrared (IR) thermometers in 107 (male=38 and female=69) West African Dwarf (WAD) goats aged between 6 months and 3 years were compared to assess the accuracy. ED and MG thermometry was taken via the rectum (TEMPd and TEMPa respectively) while the IR thermometer was used on the opening of the rectum (TEMPiR) and forehead (TEMPiH). The data were subjected to analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis. Scatter diagrams were plotted to generate R-squared for the relationships between the readings of the thermometers. Thermometer type had significant (P<0.001) effect on body temperature (BT) in WAD goats. The BT recorded was in the order: TEMPd > TEMPa > TEMPiR > TEMPiH. There was strong positive significant (P<0.001) correlation between TEMPd and TEMPa (r=0.896). The correlations between TEMPd and TEMPiR (r=0.237) and TEMPa and TEMPiR (r=0.222), though significant (P<0.05), were weak. TEMPiH and TEMPiR had positive and significant (P<0.001) correlation (r=0.503). TEMPiH had no significant (P>0.05) correlation with TEMPd and TEMPa. Linear regression of TEMPd with TEMPa, TEMPiR and TEMPiH yielded R2 of 0.802, 0.056 and 0.00006 respectively. Deviations from TEMPd obtained were 0.34, 0.92 and 2.54oC for TEMPa, TEMPiR and TEMPiH respectively. Taking body temperature of WAD goats with IR thermometer on the forehead may not give correct measurement as with the traditional MG and ED thermometers. Temperature measurement with IR thermometer on the opening of the rectum of WAD goats seems to be more accurate than on the forehead.Keywords: rectal temperature, heat stress, health, welfare, diagnosi