Effect of Repeated Cold Water Swimming Exercise on Adaptive Changes in Body Weight in Older Rats

The aim of this study was verification whether an 8-week-long swimming exercise training would induce adaptive changes in body weight in rats and whether possible changes would depend on aquatic environment temperature and animal sex. The exercisetrained groups swam 4 minutes a day, five days a week during eight week of housing. Exercise was performed by swimming in glass tanks containing tap water maintained according to group at 5 ±2°C (cold group) and 36 ±2°C (thermal neutral group). Before and after each week of the experiment, rats were weighed. When comparing the nature of changes in the body weight of rats exposed to swimming exercise training in cold water, attention should be paid to their dependence on sex. There were statistically significant changes in the nature of changes in body weight between male rats and female rats of the cold group (5°C) as early as experimental week 2 until the end of the experiment (p < 0.001). Interestingly, the females exposed to swimming exercise training at 5°C were the only group in which an increase in body weight occurred during experimental week 8 in relation to baseline values

Serum Adiponectin and Leptin Concentrations in Relation to Body Fat Distribution, Hematological Indices and Lipid Profile in Humans

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations and body composition, hematological indices and lipid profile parameters in adults. The study involved 95 volunteers (BMI from 23.3 to 53 kg/m2). Anthropometric parameters were measured: body weight and height, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat mass (BMF), subcutaneous and visceral fat mass (SFM, VFM), lean body mass (LBM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM). In serum we determined adiponectin and leptin concentrations, extracellular hemoglobin, total bilirubin, as well as lipid metabolism (TCh, HDL-Ch, LDL-Ch, TG). Mean adipokine levels were significantly higher in women (p ≤ 0.01), adiponectin significantly negatively correlated with body height and weight, systolic blood pressure and absolute LBM and SMM values. The same relation was observed for erythroid system indicators and lipid indicators. A positive correlation was exceptionally found between adiponectin and HDL-Ch. LEP negatively correlated with some percentage rates (%LBM, %SMM). Only in women, we observed a positive correlation between LEP and body weight, BMI and WHR. Studies on ADPN and the ADPN/LEP ratio as a valuable complementary diagnostic element in the prediction and prevention of cardiovascular diseases need to be continued

Body Composition, Lipid Profile, Adipokine Concentration, and Antioxidant Capacity Changes during Interventions to Treat Overweight with Exercise Programme and Whole-Body Cryostimulation

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of six-month-long physical exercise programme with a two-time exposure to whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) in 20 sessions on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid profile, and body composition changes in obese people (30 adult subjects; BMI = 30.39 ± 4.31 kg/m2). Blood samples were taken before the programme, one month following the exercise programme, before and after the first WBC treatment, six months following the exercise programme, after the second WBC treatment, and finally one month after the intervention. Six months of moderate aerobic activity combined with WBC did not change body mass or fat and lean body mass percentages, or circulating adiponectin, leptin, and resistin concentrations. In response to intervention a significant decrease in the level of low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides was observed, with a slight increase in high-density lipoprotein concentration. The nature of changes in the activity of respective antioxidant enzymes was not identical. After one month of increased physical activity, a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities was observed (13%, 8%, and 70%, resp.). The SOD activity increased significantly after successive whole-body cryostimulation sessions. As regards catalase, a significant progressive decrease in its activity was observed

Analiza składu ciała w kontekście stanu funkcjonalnego mieszkańców Domów Pomocy Społecznej = Body composition analysis in the context of the functional state of the inhabitants of Social Welfare Homes

Radecka Aleksandra, Karakiewicz Anna, Bryczkowska Iwona, Lubkowska Anna. Analiza składu ciała w kontekście stanu funkcjonalnego mieszkańców Domów Pomocy Społecznej = Body composition analysis in the context of the functional state of the inhabitants of Social Welfare Homes. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(7):343-352. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20152 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%287%29%3A343-352 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/585550 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20152 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive   Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.06.2015. Revised 05.07.2015. Accepted: 12.07.2015.   Analiza składu ciała w kontekście stanu funkcjonalnego mieszkańców Domów Pomocy Społecznej Body composition analysis in the context of the functional state of the inhabitants of Social Welfare Homes   Aleksandra RadeckaA, B, D-F, Anna KarakiewiczA, B, Iwona BryczkowskaC, Anna LubkowskaA, D, E*   Zakład Diagnostyki Funkcjonalnej i Medycyny Fizykalnej, Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Polska; kierownik: dr hab. Anna Lubkowska, prof. nadzw. PUM   A – przygotowanie projektu badania, B – zbieranie danych, C – analiza statystyczna, D – interpretacja danych, E – przygotowanie maszynopisu,  F – opracowanie piśmiennictwa, G – pozyskanie funduszy, * autor do korespondencji   Adres do korespondencji: Anna Lubkowska [email protected] mail: [email protected] tel. 91 4800 949   Abstrakt Starzenie jest okresem w którym zachodzi wiele zmian niejednokrotnie wpływających na stan funkcjonalny. Celem podjętych badań było określenie zależności miedzy składem ciała a stanem funkcjonalnym osób zamieszkujących Domy Pomocy Społecznej (DPS). Grupę badaną stanowiło 60 ochotników w wieku 76,9±11,9 lat, BMI 25,33 ± 5,92 kg/m2. Badanych poddano analizie składu ciała metodą bioimpedancji elektrycznej (bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA) oraz ocenie testem SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery), powszechnie stosowanym do oceny funkcjonalnej pacjentów geriatrycznych. Wyznaczono: wysokość i masę ciała, BMI, procentową zawartość tkanki tłuszczowej (%FM), masę tkanki tłuszczowej (FM), beztłuszczowa masę ciała (FFM) masę tkanki tłuszczowej wisceralnej (VFM), masę mięśni szkieletowych (SMM), masę tkanki kostnej (MTK), oraz całkowitą (TBW) i procentową zawartość wody (%TBW). W teście SPPB podczas 3-ech prób oceniano: utrzymanie równowagi, prędkość chodu na dystansie 3m oraz szybkość 5-krotnego wstawania i siadania na krześle. Zaobserwowano dymorfizm płciowy w składzie ciała, kobiety cechowały się wyższymi wartościami wskaźników otłuszczenia, tj. BMI (p<0,05), FM (p<0,01) oraz %FM (p<0,001) a mężczyźni wskaźników beztłuszczowych (p<0,001): FFM, SMM, MTK, TBW, %TBW. W grupie mężczyzn wykazano istotną dodatnią korelację pomiędzy testem chodu a wysokością i masą ciała, SMM, FFM i MTK. Wartości wskaźników FFM i SMM były związane z poziomem sprawności kończyn dolnych w grupie mężczyzn. Wyniki testu wstawania i siadania na krześle korelowały pozytywnie jedynie z wiekiem badanych. Zawartość beztłuszczowych komponentów ciała ma istotne znacznie dla funkcjonowania osób starszych, co należy uwzględniać w opiece instytucjonalnej. U osób w wieku podeszłym z podwyższonym BMI wartość wskaźników tłuszczowych nie wpływa istotne na sprawność ruchową.   Słowa kluczowe: skład ciała, bioimpedancja elektryczna, SPPB.     Abstract Aging is a period of many changes in the human body often affect the functional state. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between body composition and functional status of people living in the Social Welfare Department (DPS). The study group was included 60 volunteers aged 76.9 ± 11.9 years, BMI 25.33 ± 5.92 kg/m2. The subjects were analyzed body composition using bioimpedance (bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA) and evaluation of test SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery), commonly used to evaluate functional geriatric patients. The study group was designated: height and weight, BMI,% body fat (% of FM), fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), body fat mass of visceral (VFM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), bone mass (MTK), and total (TBW) and the percentage of water content (% TBW). In the test SPPB during the three trials evaluated: to maintain a balance, walking speed over a distance of 3 meters and a speed five times standing up and sitting down on a chair. It was observed sexual dimorphism in body composition, women had higher values of indicators of adiposity, ie. BMI (p <0.05), FM (p <0.01) and% FM (p <0.001) and non-fat indices men (p <0.001 ): FFM, SMM, ICC, TBW,% TBW. In the group of men demonstrated a significant positive correlation between gait test and the height and weight, SMM, FFM, and the MTK. FFM index values and SMM were associated with an efficiency level of the lower limbs in men. The test results getting up and sitting down on a chair positively correlated only with age. The content of fat-free body composition is crucial for the functioning of the elderly, which should be included in institutional care. In elderly patients with elevated BMI value does not affect fatty indicators relevant to mobility.   Keywords: body composition, multifrequency bioelectrical impedance, SPPB

The Effects of Swimming Training in Cold Water on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Lipid Peroxidation in Erythrocytes of Male and Female Aged Rats

The aim of this study was to verify whether eight-week-long swimming exercise training would evaluate the level of selected indicators of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant status in response to cold water in comparison with swimming under thermoneutral conditions in sedentary male and female elderly rats. The exercise-trained groups swam four min/day and five days a week during eight weeks of housing. Exercise was performed by swimming in glass tanks containing tap water maintained according to group at 5 &#176;C and 36 &#176;C. At the end of treatment (48 h after the last session), all rats were anaesthetized. The level of chosen biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity was determined in the red blood cells and plasma. The results of study show that female rats seem to be better adapted to changing thermal conditions of the environment, developing not only morphological, but also antioxidant, defense mechanisms, mainly in the form of increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) concentration to restore the pro-oxidant/oxidant balance of the organism. Significantly higher concentrations of GSH were observed in the female rats of the group swimming in cold water (by 15.4% compared to the control group and by 20.5% in relation to the group of female rats swimming at 36 &#176;C). In the group exposed to swimming training exercise in cold water, a significantly higher activity of SOD1 (by 13.4%) was found compared to the control group. On the other hand, the organs of ageing male rats show a reduced capacity to increase the metabolic response to low temperatures compared to female ones. In addition, it was demonstrated that cold exposure leads to an increase in lipid peroxidation in tissues. On the other hand, the repeated exposure to low levels of oxidative stress may result in some adaptive changes in organisms that help them to resist stress-induced damage

Hematological parameters, and hematopoietic growth factors: EPO and IL-3 in response to whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) in military academy students.

The effects of extreme cold on the human body are not fully understood, there are also no reports on the effect of cryogenic temperatures on the levels of erythropoietin (EPO) and interleukin 3 (IL-3), two important factors that regulate hematopoiesis.determination of changes in peripheral blood cell counts and EPO and IL-3 levels induced by a series of 10, 20 and 30 standard whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) treatments. The study involved 45 men, experimental group (EXP, n = 30) subjected to 30 WBC treatments (-130°C, treatment duration: 3 minutes) and a control group (CON, n = 15). Blood samples were collected before the series of treatments and after 10, 20 and 30 treatments. After 10 and 20 treatments we observed lower red blood cell counts and hematocrit and hemoglobin levels compared to baseline (p<0.05) and the control group (p<0.05). Additionally we observed an increase in hemoglobin concentration in plasma (p<0.05), and bilirubin after 10 and 20 treatments, and a decrease in plasma concentration of haptoglobin after 10, 20 and 30 treatments (p<0.05). The number of leukocytes was higher after 10 and 20 WBC treatments compared to baseline and the CON group. EPO concentration in plasma was elevated and the concentration of IL-3 was lower after 10, 20 and 30 WBC treatments. The decrease in indices of the erythrocytic system, plasma hemoglobin and bilirubin, with a simultaneous decrease in haptoglobin concentrations after 10 and 20 WBC treatments, may be due to increased intravascular hemolysis. At the same time there was a small, but statistically significant increase in the concentration of EPO stimulated erythropoiesis which could facilitate a return of erythrocytic system indices to initial levels after 30 WBC treatments. Changes in the white blood cell system showed transient mobilization of this system under the influence of WBC

Biochemical parameters of blood plasma of participants (EXP = E – group of participants subjected to WBC, CON –control group) during after series of whole-body cryostimulation treatment.

<p>*statistically significant difference at p≤0.05;</p><p>**statistically significant difference at p≤0.01;</p><p>***statistically significant difference at p≤0.001; HB extracellular  =  plasma hemoglobin; HAP –haptoglobin.</p

Hematological profile of the participants (EXP = E – group of participants subjected to WBC, CON –control group) after the series of whole-body cryostimulation treatment.

<p>*statistically significant difference at p≤0.05;</p><p>**statistically significant difference at p≤0.01; RBC – red blood cells; HB – hemoglobin; HCT- hematocrit; MCV - mean corpuscular volume; MCH - mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC - mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW - red blood cell distribution width; WBC – white blood cells; LYM - lymphocytes; MON – monocytes; GRA – granulocytes; PLT – thrombocytes.</p