Trouser Roles - The development of the role in opera from the seventeenth to twentieth century

This document presents the development trouser role. The first part is concentrated in the seventeenth century when the use of castrati was the main business in church music. Later in the same chapter is presented the development of women in opera, which so far was not a common practice, and how and why they dominate the opera after the castrati were not an accepted practice anymore. The following chapters contain demonstrations of trouser role’s types. Each chapter is based in one role of an opera from a different period of history. From Gluck’s Orfeo ed Euridice to Strauss’ Der Rosenkavalier, the pants role is exemplified from a different point of view according to their importance in opera

Higgs mass and muon anomalous magnetic moment in the U(1) extended MSSM

We study phenomenological aspects of the MSSM with extra U(1) gauge symmetry. We find that the lightest Higgs boson mass can be increased up to 125 GeV, without introducing a large SUSY scale or large A-terms, in the frameworks of the CMSSM and gauge mediated SUSY breaking (GMSB) models. This scenario can simultaneously explain the discrepancy of the muon anomalous magnetic moment (muon g-2) at the 1 sigma level, in both of the frameworks, U(1)-extended CMSSM/GMSB models. In the CMSSM case, the dark matter abundance can also be explained.Comment: 19 pages, 3 figures; submitted versio

Single-photon emitting diode in silicon carbide

Electrically driven single-photon emitting devices have immediate applications in quantum cryptography, quantum computation and single-photon metrology. Mature device fabrication protocols and the recent observations of single defect systems with quantum functionalities make silicon carbide (SiC) an ideal material to build such devices. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of bright single photon emitting diodes. The electrically driven emitters display fully polarized output, superior photon statistics (with a count rate of $>$300 kHz), and stability in both continuous and pulsed modes, all at room temperature. The atomic origin of the single photon source is proposed. These results provide a foundation for the large scale integration of single photon sources into a broad range of applications, such as quantum cryptography or linear optics quantum computing.Comment: Main: 10 pages, 6 figures. Supplementary Information: 6 pages, 6 figure

Cooling of a Compact Star with a LOFF Matter Core

Specific heat and neutrino emissivity due to direct URCA processes for quark matter in the color superconductive Larkin-Ovchinnikov-Fulde-Ferrell (LOFF) phase of Quantum-Chromodynamics have been evaluated. The cooling rate of simplified models of compact stars with a LOFF matter core is estimated.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, to appear in the proceedings of the Helmoltz International Summer School of Theoretical Physics on Dense Matter in Heavy Ion Collisions and Astrophysics, JINR, Dubna, Russia, 21 Aug - 1 Sep 200

Polar orientational phase transition in smectic monolayers induced by monolayer

Taking into consideration the mean electric field produced by a molecular configuration, a self-consistent-field state equation is derived to describe the behavior of polar smectic phase for monolayers. A general equation of orientational phase transition between a normal-director phase and a tilted-director phase induced by monolayer compression for monolayers is obtained. It was revealed that smectic monolayers show a possible second-order orientational phase transition under a necessary condition 4-16/g(y)<g(z)<g(y)/4, Here g(y) and g(z) are two parameters proportional to the internal electric fields in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the monolayer surface, respectively. The two-dimensional orientational phase transition theory developed here may reveal such a transition in smectic monolayers by some techniques, for example, the Maxwell-displacement-current measuring technique

Normalization of electroretinograph

Normalization of electroretinograp

Analysis of dielectric relaxation phenomena with molecular orientational ordering in monolayers at the liquid-air interface

Starting from the Debye theory of rotational Brownian motion, we analyzed the dielectric relaxation phenomena with molecular orientational ordering in Langmuir film on a water surface, assuming that the orientational distribution of the constituent rodlike polar molecules is ruled by Boltzmann statistics. The transient behavior of the polar molecules induced by the application of step compression at the molecular area A=A(i)(<A(c)) is discussed with taking account of the friction constant of monolayer xi, and the dielectric relaxation time tau. Here A(c) is the critical molecular area defined as pi l(2) (l: the length of rodlike polar molecule). The orientational order parameter S of monolayers and Maxwell displacement current (MDC) at the dielectric relaxation process were obtained, for the first time, with the consideration of xi and tau. On the basis of the analysis developed here, we examined the generation of MDC across 4-cyano-4'-5-alkyl-biphenyl (5CB) Langmuir film by monolayer compression

Analysis of dielectric relaxation time of organic monolayer films on a material surface

Based on the Debye theory of rotational Brownian motion, we derived the dielectric relaxation time tau of monolayers on a material surface in a generalized form. tau was found to be proportional to the orientational fluctuation of monolayers [=[(cos theta-[cos theta])(2)]] (theta is the tilt angle of the constituent polar molecules). Here [cos theta] represents the molecular orientational order parameter of monolayers, and [] represents the thermal average. In this analysis, the Coulomb attractive force working between polar molecules and the material surface as well as the interaction working among molecules were taken into consideration. It was revealed that the interaction working on molecules makes a significant contribution to reduce the relaxation time whether the interaction is attractive or repulsive

Analysis of compression-induced chiral phase separation in Langmuir monolayers

We analyze the compression-induced chiral phase separation (CPS) in Langmuir films, taking into account the elastic theory of liquid crystals and the mixing energy of the two constituent enantiomers. The difference between the Selinger-Wang-Bruinsma-Knobler theory [J. V. Selinger et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1139 (1993)] and our treatment is that we do not introduce the concentration-square-gradient term in the free energy, but alternatively take into account a line tension at CPS boundaries. Our model predicts that a two-domain pattern with opposite chiralities is energy minimized, but a multistripe pattern with two alternate constant chiralities is also possible, though metastable. This offers a tentative explanation for the CPS pattern consisting of homogeneously oriented stripes with diverse widths observed by Eckhardt et al

A flattening in the Optical Light Curve of SN 2002ap

We present the $UBVR_cI_c$ broad band optical photometry of the Type Ic supernova SN 2002ap obtained during 2002 February 06 -- March 23 in the early decline phases and also later on 2002 15 August. Combining these data with the published ones, the general light curve development is studied. The time and luminosity of the peak brightness and the peak width are estimated. There is a flattening in the optical light curve about 30 days after the $B$ maximum. The flux decline rates before flattening are 0.127$\pm$0.005, 0.082$\pm$0.001, 0.074$\pm$0.001, 0.062$\pm$0.001 and 0.040$\pm$0.001 mag day$^{-1}$ in $U$, $B$, $V$, $R_c$ and $I_c$ passbands respectively, while the corresponding values after flattening are about 0.02 mag day$^{-1}$ in all the passbands. The maximum brightness of SN 2002ap $M_V = - 17.2$ mag, is comparable to that of the type Ic 1997ef, but fainter than that of the type Ic hypernova SN 1998bw. The peak luminosity indicates an ejection of $\sim$ 0.06 M$_{\odot}$ ${}^{56}$Ni mass. We also present low-resolution optical spectra obtained during the early phases. The SiII absorption minimum indicates that the photospheric velocity decreased from $\sim$ 21,360 km s$^{-1}$ to $\sim$ 10,740 km s$^{-1}$ during a period of $\sim$ 6 days.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, Submitted to MNRA