Democracy in Japan

Brief Background Most people seem to be under the impression that democracy was introduced to Japan at the end of World War II. Well – not so much introduced as imposed upon the Japanese people by the Allied Forces. While this may be true to some extent, it is important to note that the seeds of democracy already existed in Japanese society in the early 20th century, which explains the relative ease of transition to democratic processes and receptivity of democratic institutions. Another factor that facilitated the transition from an ultranationalist, militarist government was the retention of the imperial system. Although now mostly symbolic, it nevertheless had a stabilizing effect for the Japanese people at a time of great turbulence and change in the aftermath of war. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.74 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.18 2013: 118-12

Observation of ortho-para dependence of pressure broadening coefficient in acetylene ν1+ν3 vibration band using dual-comb spectroscopy

We observe that the pressure-broadening coefficients depend on the ortho-para levels. The spectrum is taken with a dual-comb spectrometer which has the resolution of 48 MHz and the frequency accuracy of 8 digit when the signal-to-noise ratio is more than 20\footnote{S. Okubo $et$ $al$., Applied Physics Express 8, 082402 (2015)}. \begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0pt} \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{Broadening coefficient 7-18.eps} \end{wrapfigure} In this study, about 4.4-Tz wide spectra of the $P$(31) to $R$(31) transitions in the \nub{1}+\nub{3} vibration band of \chem{^{12}C_2H_2} are observed at the pressure of 25, 60, 396, 1047, 1962 and 2654 Pa. Each rotation-vibration absorption line is fitted to Voight function and we determined pressure-broadening coefficients for each rotation-vibration transition. The Figure shows pressure broadening coefficient as a function of $m$. Here $m$ is $J”+1$ for $R$ and $–J”$ for $P$-branch. The graph shows obvious dependence on ortho and para. We fit it to Pade function considering the population ratio of three-to-one for the ortho and para levels. This would lead to detailed understanding of the pressure boarding mechanism

Dual-comb Spectroscopy Of C2h2, Ch4 And H2o Over 1.0 - 1.7 Μm

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0pt} \includegraphics[scale=0.28]{Graph1.eps} \end{wrapfigure} A dual-comb spectrometer (DCS) has great advantages over the conventional FTIR in respect with the resolution and the measurement time. We reduce the relative linewidth of two optical frequency combs in our DCS to less than 1 Hz and extended the observable spectral bandwidth to be compatible with the FTIR. The figure shows the recorded spectrum of entire vibrational bands of $^{12}$C$_{2}$H$_{2}$ at 1.03 $\mu$m and 1.53 $\mu$m, CH$_{4}$ at 1.67 $\mu$m and H$_{2}$O at 1.46 $\mu$m. It takes 140 ms to record a time domain interferogram, from which the spectrum across over 1.0-1.7 $\mu$m is obtained by Fourier transformation. The interferogram is averaged more than 400,000 times successively to improve the signal to noise ratio. The horizontal axis is scaled by the absolute frequency and the transition frequencies are determined by fitting the absorption lines with the Voigt functions. The discrepancy from the previous sub-Doppler resolution measurements is typically a few MHz

SUB-DOPPLER RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATION BAND OF HCl WITH A COMB-REFERENCED SPECTROMETER

Sub-Doppler resolution spectroscopy of the fundamental bands of H$^{35}$Cl and H$^{37}$Cl has been carried out from 87 to 90 THz using a comb-referenced difference-frequency-generation (DFG) spectrometer. While the frequencies of the pump and signal waves are locked to that of the individual nearest comb mode, the repetition rate of the comb is varied for sweeping the idler frequency. Therefore, the relative uncertainty of the frequency scale is 10$^{�11}$, and the spectral resolution remains about 250 kHz even when the spectrum is accumulated for a long time. The hyperfine structures caused by chlorine nucleus are resolved for the R(0) to R(4) transitions. The figure depicts wavelength-modulation spectrum of the R(0) transition of H$^{35}$Cl. Three Lamb dips correspond to the F= 0, 1, and �1 components left to right, and the others with arrows are cross-over resonances which are useful for determining the weak F=�1 component frequencies for the R(1) to R(3) transitions. We have determined 49 and 44 transition frequencies of H$^{35}$Cl and H$^{37}$Cl with an uncertainty of 10 kHz. Six molecular constants of the vibrational excited state for each isotopomer are determined. They reproduce the determined frequencies with a standard deviation of about 10 kHz. begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0pt} includegraphics[scale=0.2]{H35Cl_R(0).eps} end{wrapfigure} vspace{1in

DUAL-COMB SPECTROSCOPY OF THE ν1+ ν3 BAND OF ACETYLENE: INTENSITY AND TRANSITION DIPOLE MOMENT

The $nu_1$+$nu_3$ vibration band of $^{12}$C$_2$H$_2$ is recorded with a homemade dual-comb spectrometer footnote{S. Okubo $et$ $al$., Applied Physics Express underline{8}, 082402 (2015).}. The spectral resolution and the accuracy of frequency determination are high, and the bandwidth is broad enough to take spectrum of the whole band in one shot. The last remarkable competence enables us to record all the spectral lines under constant experimental conditions. The linewidth and line strength of the P(26) to R(29) transitions are determined by fitting the line profile to Lambert-Beer’s law with a Voigt function. In the course of analysis, we found the ortho-para dependence of the pressure-broadening coefficient footnote{K.Iwakuni $et$ $al.$, 71th ISMS, WK15}footnote{K. Iwakuni $et$ $al.$, Physical Review Letters underline{117}, 143902 (2016).}. This time, we have determined the transition dipole moment of the $nu_1$+$nu_3$ band. It is noted that the transition dipole moment determined from the ortho lines agrees with that from the para lines._x000d_ _x000d

DIRECT FREQUENCY COMB SPECTROSCOPY WITH AN 8.5 μm OPO

Direct frequency comb spectroscopy provides high-resolution spectra over a broad bandwidth. Its high sensitivity has also enabled real time detection for gas sensing and chemical reaction kinetics\footnote{T. Q. Bui, B. J. Bjork, P. B. Changala, T. L. Nguyen, J. F. Stanton, M. Okumura, J. Ye, Direct measurements of DOCO isomers in the kinetics of OD+CO, Science Advances, 4, eaao4777 (2018)}. Previous work has focused in the near-infrared or mid-infrared (1 - 5 $\mu$m), but there are stronger absorption lines in the $>$5 $\mu$m wavelength region. In addition, at longer wavelengths spectral congestion is significantly reduced owing to the decreasing strength of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution. We have developed a new frequency comb spectrometer within 8.5 – 9.5 $\mu$m. The light source is a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO)-based frequency comb using a 2 $\mu$m Tm fiber comb as the pump wave. In direct frequency comb spectroscopy, several options exist to read out the spectrum, such as FTIR or highly dispersive optics like a virtually-imaged phased array (VIPA)\footnote{L. Nugent-Glandorf, T. Neely, F. Adler, A. J. Fleisher, K. C. Cossel, B. Bjork, T. Dinneen, J. Ye, S. A. Diddams, Mid-infrared virtually imaged phased array spectrometer for rapid and broadband trace gas detection, Opt. Lett. 37, 3285 (2012)}. In this work, an immersion grating and a reflective grating are used as cross dispersers and each comb mode is mapped to a 2D image in the same way as a VIPA spectrometer. Immersion gratings have been applied in astronomy and have resolving power ($\lambda$/$\Delta$$\lambda$) exceeding 10$^5$, which is suitable for high-resolution real-time comb spectroscopy. We report work done with this new spectrometer