Ultra high energy events in ECHOS series and primary energy spectrum

The compilation of ultra high energy jets suggests at present the existence of a bump in primary energy spectrum (with the standard concept of high energy collisions). The pseudo-rapidity distribution exhibits some typical anomalies, more than the (P sub t) behavior, which are (may be) the fingerprints of quark gluon plasma transition. The next results of Emulsion Chamber on Supersonic (ECHOS) will be in both cases determinant to confirm those tendancies, as well as an important effort of the cosmic ray community to develop in that sense a flying emulsion chamber experiment

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Li-ion Battery

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging has high sensitivity to proton (1H) and lithium (7Li). It is a useful measurement for electrolyte in Li-ion battery. 1H NMR images of lithium ion battery which is composed of LiMn2O4 / LiClO4 + propylene carbonate (PC) / Li-metal have been studied. 1H NMR images of electrolyte near cathode material (LiMn2O4) showed anomalous intensity distribution, which was quite inhomogeneous. From NMR images as a function of repetition time (TR), it was concluded that the anomalous intensity distribution was not due to change of relaxation time but an indirect (spatial) para-magnetization effect from cathode material. The paramagnetization induced by high magnetic field distorts linearity of magnetic gradient field, leading to apparent intensity variance. This functional image is an easy diagnostic measurement for magnetization of cathode material, which allows the possibility to check uniformity of cathode material and change of magnetization under electrochemical process. Received: 7 October 2010; Revised: 1 December 2010; Accepted: 17 December 201

Exact solutions of the isoholonomic problem and the optimal control problem in holonomic quantum computation

The isoholonomic problem in a homogeneous bundle is formulated and solved exactly. The problem takes a form of a boundary value problem of a variational equation. The solution is applied to the optimal control problem in holonomic quantum computer. We provide a prescription to construct an optimal controller for an arbitrary unitary gate and apply it to a $k$-dimensional unitary gate which operates on an $N$-dimensional Hilbert space with $N \geq 2k$. Our construction is applied to several important unitary gates such as the Hadamard gate, the CNOT gate, and the two-qubit discrete Fourier transformation gate. Controllers for these gates are explicitly constructed.Comment: 19 pages, no figures, LaTeX2

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Li-ion Battery

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging has high sensitivity to proton (1H) and lithium (7Li). It is a useful measurement for electrolyte in Li-ion battery. 1H NMR images of lithium ion battery which is composed of LiMn2O4 / LiClO4 + propylene carbonate (PC) / Li-metal have been studied. 1H NMR images of electrolyte near cathode material (LiMn2O4) showed anomalous intensity distribution, which was quite inhomogeneous. From NMR images as a function of repetition time (TR), it was concluded that the anomalous intensity distribution was not due to change of relaxation time but an indirect (spatial) para-magnetization effect from cathode material. The paramagnetization induced by high magnetic field distorts linearity of magnetic gradient field, leading to apparent intensity variance. This functional image is an easy diagnostic measurement for magnetization of cathode material, which allows the possibility to check uniformity of cathode material and change of magnetization under electrochemical process. Received: 7 October 2010; Revised: 1 December 2010; Accepted: 17 December 201

Reduction of quantum systems on Riemannian manifolds with symmetry and application to molecular mechanics

This paper deals with a general method for the reduction of quantum systems with symmetry. For a Riemannian manifold M admitting a compact Lie group G as an isometry group, the quotient space Q = M/G is not a smooth manifold in general but stratified into a collection of smooth manifolds of various dimensions. If the action of the compact group G is free, M is made into a principal fiber bundle with structure group G. In this case, reduced quantum systems are set up as quantum systems on the associated vector bundles over Q = M/G. This idea of reduction fails, if the action of G on M is not free. However, the Peter-Weyl theorem works well for reducing quantum systems on M. When applied to the space of wave functions on M, the Peter-Weyl theorem provides the decomposition of the space of wave functions into spaces of equivariant functions on M, which are interpreted as Hilbert spaces for reduced quantum systems on Q. The concept of connection on a principal fiber bundle is generalized to be defined well on the stratified manifold M. Then the reduced Laplacian is well defined as a self-adjoint operator with the boundary conditions on singular sets of lower dimensions. Application to quantum molecular mechanics is also discussed in detail. In fact, the reduction of quantum systems studied in this paper stems from molecular mechanics. If one wishes to consider the molecule which is allowed to lie in a line when it is in motion, the reduction method presented in this paper works well.Comment: 33 pages, no figure

Nucleus-nucleus interaction above several hundred GeV/n

The Japanese-American Cooperative Emulsion Experiment (JACEE) have been investigating high energy nuclear interactions of cosmic ray nuclei by means of balloon-borne emulsion chamber. Current exposure parameters are listed. Analysis of the last two experiments (JACEE4 and JACEE5) are still in progress. A result of semi-inclusive analysis of a sample set of central collision events is presented here, concerning multiplicity, rapidity fluctuation for extremely high multiplicity events and correlation between transverse momentum and estimated energy density

Heavy nucleus collisions between 20 and 60 GeV/nucleon

Interest in studying relativistic nucleus-nucleus interations arises from the fact that they offer an opportunity to probe nuclear matter at high density and temperature. It is expected that under such extreme conditions a transition from hadronic matter into quark-gluon plasma occurs and that in the interactions of highly relativistic nuclei such conditions are created. Cosmic rays remain a unique source of high energy heavy nuclei. The Japanese-American Cooperative Emulsion Experiment (JACEE-3) was designed to study the collisions of heavy cosmic ray nuclei with different nuclear targets at energies beyond 20 GeV/nucleon. JACEE-3 experiment was carried out using a combined electronic counters and an emulsion chamber detector, which was exposed to the cosmic rays on a balloon at an altitude of 5 g/sq cm

Excessive production of electron pairs by soft photons in low multiplicity ion interactions

Three multiply charged primary cosmic ray interactions with carbon nuclei are reported, in which the number of materialized electron pairs within a distance of about 0.3 conversion length is larger than predicted from isospin considerations. These are the most energetic (sigma E gamma 4 TeV) of the low multiplicity ( 15 tracks) events observed in the Japanese-American Cooperative Experiment (JACEE-2) emulsion chamber

Nucleon-nucleus interactions from JACEE

Results on hadron-nucleus interactions from the Japanese-American Cooperation Emulsion Experiment experiment are presented. Angular distributions for charged particles, and angular and transverse momentum spectra for photons have been measured for a sample of events with sigma epsilon sub gamma. Results on central rapidity density and transverse energy flow are discussed