Preparation, Characterization And Evaluation Of Mesoporous Activated Carbons Derived From Agricultural By-Products For Adsorption Of Methylene Blue And 2,4,6- Trichlorophenol [TD420. T161 2008 f rb].

Penggunaan secara meluas karbon teraktif komersil dihadkan oleh kos yang tinggi disebabkan oleh penggunaan bahan mentah yang tidak dapat diperbaharui. The prolific use of commercial activated carbon is restricted by the high costs due to the use of non-renewable starting material

Removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions using rubber (hevea brasillensis) seed shell-based biosorbent

The need of safe and economical methods for the elimination of hazardous dyes from contaminated waters has necessitated research interest towards the production of low-cost adsorbent. The present study aims to investigate the feasibility of rubber seed shell-based biosorbent for removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions. The biosorbent was prepared using sulfuric acid treatment. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that the main functional groups present on the surface of the biosorbent were aliphatic compounds. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, initial dye concentration and biosorbent dosage on the uptake of dye at 30 °C. The equilibrium data were analyzed by using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model, yielding maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 23.81 mg/g. The kinetic data were found to conform to pseudo-second-order kinetic model with good correlation. Rubber seed shell-based biosorbent was shown to be a promising low-cost material for adsorption of crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions

Automobile adsorption air-conditioning system using oil palm biomass-based activated carbon: A review

Refrigeration and air-conditioning technology are required to evolve in accordance to Montreal Protocol adopted in 1987 and Kyoto Protocol in 1997. This regulation concerns about the climate change in an attempt to phase-out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), followed by hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and then moving to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) starting 2011. This trend leads to a strong demand of new systems for air-conditioning, especially in automobile. Adsorption cooling system, among other proposed cooling technologies, has a very good potential for automobile applications. Hence, there exists a need for a creative design and innovation to allow adsorption technology to be practical for airconditioning in automobile in a near future. Oil palm shell-based activated carbon has been widely applied in various environmental pollution control technologies, mainly due to its high adsorption performance yet low cost. However, limited studies have been carried out on the characteristics and application of oil palm shell-based activated carbon in adsorption air-conditioning system. This paper is to present a comprehensive review on the past efforts in the field of adsorption air-conditioning systems for automobile. This work also aims to investigate the physicochemical properties of oil palm shell-based activated carbon and its feasibility for application in adsorption air-conditioning system. Some of the limitations are outlined and suggestions for future improvements are pointed out

Fixed-bed Column Study for Adsorption of Cadmium on Oil Palm Shell-derived Activated Carbon

The spread of heavy metal pollution in the environment can lead to the contamination of crops and water for consumption. An approach to control the spread of groundwater pollution is by using a permeable reactive barrier with granular activated carbon. In this study, the adsorption of Cd(II) ions was conducted in a continuous flow fixed-bed column by using oil palm shell-derived activated carbon. The activated carbon column performance was evaluated by manipulating the activated carbon bed height, cadmium solution flow rate and influent concentration. The increase in bed height increased the amount of adsorbent used, thus increasing the total removal of Cd(II) and prolonged the lifespan of the activated carbon column. However, the increase in flow rate and influent concentration resulted in the shortened lifespan of the column. The column system with a bed height of 5.5 cm, flow rate of 2.0 mL/min and 200 mg/L influent concentration showed the best Cd(II) uptake performance in this study. The column performance were best fitted to the Thomas model and Yoon-Nelson model for the longest bed depth of 5.5 cm, all flow rates studied and highest influent concentration of 200 mg/L, with correlation coefficient greater than 0.95

Phytoremediation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using Eichhornia crassipes

The inefficiency and lengthy treatment process of conventional open ponding method has posed challenges to palm oil industry in treating highly polluting palm oil mill effluent (POME), thus there is a need to look for a more efficient and sustainable alternative solution. Phytoremediation has been recommended as a potential method for wastewater treatment due to its economical and environmental advantages. However, research on phytoremediation of POME using Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) is still limited. This study aims to determine the feasibility of applying phytoremediation using E. crassipes for POME treatment by investigating the effects of pH, plant: POME ratio and retention time on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) in POME. The highest BOD removal of 92.78% was achieved after 21 days retention time at pH 4 with plant: POME ratio of 1:20 kg/L. The highest COD removal of 25.24% was achieved after 14 days retention time at pH 6 with plant: POME ratio of 1:20 kg/L. Phytoremediation using E. crassipes was shown to be a promising eco-friendly technique for POME treatment, considering the shorter treatment time required and its effectiveness in reducing the BOD in POME to meet the discharge standard of 20 mg/L

Phytoremediation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Eichhornia crassipes

It is inevitable that the manufacturing process of palm oil is accompanied by the generation of a massive amount of high strength wastewater, namely palm oil mill effluent (POME), which could pose serious threat to the aquatic environment. POME which contains high organic compounds originating from biodegradable materials causes water pollution if not properly managed. Palm oil industries are facing the challenges to make ends meet in the aspects of natural assurance, financial reasonability and development sustainability. It is therefore crucial to seek a practical solution to achieve the goal of environmental protection while continuing the economic sustainability. Phytoremediation has been proven as a potential method for removal or degradation of various hazardous contaminants. However, research on phytoremediation of POME using Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) is still limited. This study aims to determine the feasibility of applying phytoremediation technique using E. crassipes for POME treatment. The effects of pH, plant:POME ratio and retention time on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) of POME were investigated. The highest BOD removal of 92.6% was achieved after 21 days retention time at pH 4 with plant:POME ratio of 1:20 kg/L. The highest COD removal of 20.7% was achieved after 14 days retention time at pH 6 with plant:POME ratio of 1:20 kg/L. Phytoremediation using E. crassipes was shown to be a promising eco-friendly technique for POME treatment, and is therefore recommended as a good alternative treatment solution for this industrial effluent

Synthesis of tapioca starch/palm oil encapsulated urea-impregnated biochar derived from peppercorn waste as a sustainable controlled-release fertilizer

Nutrient leaching and volatilization cause environmental pollution, thus the pursuit of developing controlled release fertilizer formulation is necessary. Biochar-based fertilizer exhibits slow-release characteristic, however the nutrient release mechanism needs to be improved. To overcome this limitation, the approach of applying encapsulation technology with biochar-based fertilizer has been implemented in this study. Black peppercorn waste was used to synthesize urea-impregnated biochar (UIB). Central composite design was used to investigate the effects of pyrolysis temperature, residence time and urea:biochar ratio on nitrogen content of UIB. The optimum condition to synthesize UIB was at 400 ◦C pyrolysis temperature, 120 min residence time and 0.6:1 urea:biochar ratio, which resulted in 16.07% nitrogen content. The tapioca starch/palm oil (PO) biofilm formulated using 8 g of tapioca starch and 0.12 μL of PO was coated on the UIB to produce encapsulated urea-impregnated biochar (EUIB). The UIB and EUIB pellets achieved complete release of nitrogen in water after 90 min and 330 min, respectively. The nutrient release mechanism of UIB and EUIB was best described by the Higuchi model and Korsmeyer-Peppas model, respectively. The improvement of water retention ratio of UIB and EUIB pellets was more significant in sandy-textural soil as compared to clayey-textural soil. The EUIB derived from peppercorn waste has the potential to be utilized as a sustainable controlled-release fertilizer for agriculture

Ammoniacal nitrogen removal by Eichhornia crassipes-based phytoremediation : process optimization using response surface methodology

Eutrophication is a serious environmental issue that needs urgent concern. There is necessity to treat wastewater with high ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) concentration to the permissible standard limit to protect the aquatic ecosystem. This study investigated the optimum condition for AN removal from wastewater using Eichhornia crassipes-based phytoremediation process. Face-centered central composite design (CCD) was employed as the experimental design, in which four operational variables including pH (4–10), retention time (2–14 days), macrophyte density (5–30 g/L) and salinity (0–5 g NaCl/L) were involved in the study, while five responses were investigated, namely AN removal efficiency (Y1), fresh biomass growth (Y2), COD (Y3), BOD (Y4) and TSS (Y5). AN removal was the main focus in this study. Through numerical optimization, the highest AN removal efficiency of 77.48% (initial AN concentration = 40 mg/L) was obtained at the following optimum condition: pH 8.51, retention time of 8.47 days, macrophyte density of 21.39 g/L and salinity of 0 g NaCl/L. The values predicted from the models agreed satisfactorily with the experimental values, which implied that response surface methodology was reliable and practical for experimental design developed using optimization of the phytoremediation process. The validation experiment using real semiconductor effluent further supported the high potential of the E. crassipes-based phytoremediation system to remove AN and other organic pollutants in this industrial effluent under optimal conditio

Phytoremediation Of Ammoniacal Nitrogen In Wastewater Using Eichhornia Crassipes : Tolerance Limit And Ph Study

High ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) in industrial effluent must be treated before final discharge to prevent eutrophication phenomenon. Phytoremediation is recommended to be a better solution to treat wastewater with high AN content due to its cost-effective, environmental friendly and sustainable characteristics. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has been widely applied in phytoremediation technology to remove various types of pollutants. In this study, AN synthetic wastewater with varied AN concentrations of 10-200 mg/L was prepared to conduct tolerance limit test of water hyacinth for 10 days. The effect of pH on the physico-chemical parameters of AN synthetic wastewater and water hyacinth biomass growth was also investigated. Under sunlight exposure, it was found that water hyacinth was able to survive up to 150 mg/L of AN concentration for a duration of 10 days. The results showed that pH factor posed a significant impact on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and biomass growth of water hyacinth whereas less significant impact was exhibited on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS). Overall, water hyacinth has been shown to be a feasible macrophyte for phytoremediation of AN in wastewater

Phytoremediation of Ammoniacal Nitrogen Wastewater using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes)

Ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) is present in both domestic and industrial wastewater which is one of the main contributors of eutrophication. Phytoremediation is recommended as an alternative solution to treat wastewater with high AN content due to its costeffective, environmental friendly and sustainable characteristics. In this study, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) study was conducted on the parameters influencing the AN removal using water hyacinth. The variables involved pH (4-10), retention time (2-14 days), initial AN concentration (10-70 mg/L), macrophytes density (5-30 g/L) and salinity (1-5 g NaCl/L) which influenced the AN removal significantly. The highest AN removal of 98.85% was obtained at pH 9, 99.18% at retention time of 14 days, 90.46% at initial AN concentration of 40 mg/L, 84.91% at macrophyte density of 30 g /L and 70.13% at salinity of 1 g NaCl/L respectively. Overall, water hyacinth has demonstrated high potential as the macrophyte for phytoremediation of AN in semiconductor effluent