N-Achievement Motivation of Male Navaho Indian Students as Measured by an Acculturated N-Achievement Scale

The problem which formed the basis of this research was to answer the question: Can an acculturated version of McClelland\u27s original n-Achievement scale be significantly more effective in measuring n-Achievement motivation of male Navaho Indian subjects than McClelland\u27s original n-Achievement scale? An answer to this question would hopefully be reason enough for using an acculturated n-Achievement scale to provide new information relative to the Navaho Indian\u27s need to achieve. The major underlying objective of this study was to develop a more effective projective scale than McClelland in measuring a Navaho Indian\u27s n-Achievement motivation. This objective was not reached; however, the acculturated scale did elicit a measure of n-Achievement motivation comparable to the original McClelland scale. No significant differences were obtained on the three specific hypothesis; all were accepted, indicating that both the acculturated scale and the original scale seem to discriminate about equally well on n-Achievement motivation of male Navaho Indian subjects

Postnatal Bonding and Barriers: a Literature Review on Helping Secure Mother-Infant Attachment

The purpose of this literature review is to explore obstacles that interfere with mother-infant attachment, and what can be done to overcome these barriers. Poor mother-infant attachment can lead to strained relationships in adulthood, the worsening of pre-existing mental health issues in mothers, and a myriad of negative side effects in children, impaired social and emotional health among them. This paper examines peer-reviewed articles on obstacles to mother-infant bonding and proposes potential solutions. Methods that were found to enhance attachment include maximizing skin to skin contact, treating postpartum pathology, and reducing emotional distress in pregnancy and labor.https://digitalcommons.slc.edu/undergrad_selectedworks/1011/thumbnail.jp

Sensory Processing Disorder and Solutions: An Overview of How to Help Children Living with SPD

The purpose of this thesis is to offer children with Sensory Processing Disorder and their families solutions to everyday sensory processing challenges. Interviews conducted with occupational therapists offer insight into treatment. Ways in which supports in the home, in occupational therapy, play, and other areas of children’s lives can help children living with SPD are researched and discussed. The goal is to help children better regulate their sensory processing and feel empowered in the process

Medicine needs to swallow a bitter pill for a healthier future

Many doctors will recall as a student or trainee hanging nervously off the end of a Deaver – a large retractor used in pre-keyhole gall bladder surgery – while simultaneously trying to answer the surgeon’s barked questions about the anatomy in the cavity. The problem is you can’t actually see into the cavity without loosening your grip. A looser grip means less vision for the surgeon and usually a torrent of abuse for the trainee. Such moments of “teaching by humiliation” during medical training underscore the nature of medical culture: a totem pole that places surgeons very much at the top. Indeed, doctors have long enjoyed both enormous autonomy and deference to their apparent god-like power to stave off death. Within this mythology, medicine has built a hierarchical and autocratic workplace culture in which incivility, and even frank bullying, towards subordinates is commonplace. Medical students gradually acculturate to this during their training, often at the cost of their empathy and compassion. A recent meta-analysis of 51 studies on harassment and discrimination in medical training showed 59.4% of medical trainees had experienced at least one form of these. “Teaching by humiliation” – regarded by some as a kind of necessary hardening experience – was experienced by 74% of students and witnessed by 84%. Many still felt the sting decades later. Such power-oriented, stratified workplaces are good for no one. And, in medicine, many of the worst consequences fall on patients

Dynamical Monodromy

Integrable Hamiltonian systems are said to display nontrivial monodromy if fundamental action-angle loops defined on phase-space tori change their topological structure when the system is carried around a circuit. In an earlier paper it was shown that this topological change can occur as a result of time evolution under certain rather abstract flows in phase space. In the present paper, we show that the same topological change can occur as a result of application of ordinary forces. We also show how this dynamical phenomenon could be observed experimentally in classical or in quantum systems

Mistreatment in Australian medical education: a student-led scoping of experiences

Background: Evidence of bullying and harassment of medical students and junior doctors has existed for over 30 years. However, there has been little attempt to explore the dimensions of this issue in Australia to date. Given the evidence which indicates that experiencing abusive behaviour has a detrimental effect on professional identity formation and on mental health, the Australian Medical Students’ Association (AMSA) undertook a national scoping study to better understand the experiences of Australian medical students. Methods: We conducted a mixed methods survey of the 16,959 students enrolled in a medical degree at an Australian university in 2015. An anonymous, voluntary online questionnaire was distributed through AMSA’s social media, email newsletter and website, and medical students’ societies. Results: We received 519 responses, including 194 (37%) detailing at least one incident of bullying or harassment. 335 (65%) survey respondents were women and 345 (67%) were in the clinical years of their training. 60% of all respondents reported experiencing or witnessing mistreatment during their medical education. The most common theme in the free text was belittlement of the student’s competence and capacity to be a good doctor. Some gave details about how universities failed to prevent or appropriately respond to students’ experiences of bullying and harassment. Conclusion: In line with international data, this study shows that many Australian medical students perceive mistreatment as an important problem that is not always managed well by faculties. Multi-pronged policy and practice responses are needed to instigate cultural change in Australian medical education

Response to Kamath et al 'A syncretic approach can yield dividends'

We welcome the response from Kamath et al. and their insight into the issues and culture within medicine in India, and their thoughts about how to address these issues. We also agree that a drama-based approach is not sufficient on its own to deal with entrenched power issues which affect students adversely. As we have indicated, we believe “a multipronged approach is needed to generate systemic change.” These authors similarly advocate that student mistreatment be dealt with “in a comprehensive manner” including a ‘grievance redressal system’ and other measures to withhold accreditation where there are issues of abuse of power. Nevertheless, we note that Kamath et al. have responded positively to our approach—as a part of that mix—and it would be of great interest to see whether drama-based workshops could support medical students developing embodied acting skills in their institution and whether they may have similar transformative effects. We’d like to refer the authors to an excellent Medical Humanities paper we referenced that outlined drama-based activities in medical education in India: Gupta S, Singh S. Confluence: understanding medical humanities through street theatre. Medical Humanities. 2011;37(2):127-128. Despite the above article, the authors note that medical education in India has not embraced the medical humanities. We would draw a distinction within the medical humanities between activities which are primarily studious (reading literature, studying medical history) and workshops that are based on participative and embodied activity. Our experience has indicated the effectiveness of drama-based workshops in addressing both the cognitive and emotive aspects of harmful practices and we believe that it is the embodied nature of acting skills workshops that is transformative

Celebrity abuse on Twitter: the impact of tweet valence, volume of abuse, and dark triad personality factors on victim blaming and perceptions of severity

Celebrities are increasingly utilizing social media platforms to establish their brand and interact with their fan base, but in doing so they often become the targets of online abuse. While such abusive acts are known to cause severe consequences in the general population little is known about how celebrity abuse is perceived by observers. This study investigated observers' impressions of the severity of online abuse on Twitter, the blame attributed to celebrities for the abuse they received, and the role of the dark triad of observers' personality factors (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) in these decisions. We manipulated celebrity tweet content (negative, neutral, positive) and the volume of abusive comments (high, low) the tweets received. Celebrities received more blame the more negative their initial tweet was, and incidents were perceived as least severe following a negative tweet with a high volume of abuse. Observer impressions were influenced by their dark triad personality factors. Following negative tweets, as observer narcissism increased, victim blame increased and perceived severity decreased. Following positive tweets, as observer psychopathy increased, perceived severity decreased. Results are discussed in the context of the Warranting Theory of online impression formation and the ramifications for celebrity social media use are explored

Toll-Like Receptor 9-Dependent Macrophage Activation by Entamoeba histolytica DNA

Activation of the innate immune system by bacterial DNA and DNA of other invertebrates represents a pathogen recognition mechanism. In this study we investigated macrophage responses to DNA from the intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. E. histolytica genomic DNA was purified from log-phase trophozoites and tested with the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. RAW cells treated with E. histolytica DNA demonstrated an increase in levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA and protein production. TNF-α production was blocked by pretreatment with chloroquine or monensin. In fact, an NF-κB luciferase reporter assay in HEK cells transfected with human TLR9 demonstrated that E. histolytica DNA signaled through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in a manner similar to that seen with CpG-ODN. Immunofluorescence assays confirmed NF-κB activation in RAW cells, as seen by nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit. Western blot analysis demonstrated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by E. histolytica DNA. E. histolytica DNA effects were abolished in MYD88−/− mouse-derived macrophages. In the context of disease, immunization with E. histolytica DNA protected gerbils from an E. histolytica challenge infection. Taken together, these results demonstrate that E. histolytica DNA is recognized by TLR9 to activate macrophages and may provide an innate defense mechanism characterized by the induction of the inflammatory mediator TNF-α