Obtaining colored antioxidant cotton and cotton/linen fabrics using green tea aqueous extract

Green tea aqueous extract was prepared and characterized regarding total flavonoids and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity (assessed by ABTS method). The characterized aqueous extract was used for dyeing and functionalization of 100% cotton and cotton/linen (47%/53% and 70%/30%) fabrics. Fabric color strength (K/S) values and their antioxidant activities before and after washing were compared. The obtained results revealed that 100% cotton (GTI), 47%/53% cotton/linen (GTII), and 70%/30% cotton/linen (GTIII) fabrics have K/S values ranging between 8.33 and 10.85. After one washing cycle, these values decreased significantly. On the other hand, dyed fabrics showed excellent (100 %) ABTS radical scavenging ability which remained excellent (GTII) or decreased to medium (GTI and GTIII) levels after one washing cycle. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that 47%/53% cotton/linen fabric is the most suitable for functional clothing capable of trapping the free radial of oxygen species. The current paper represents a step towards a more sustainable textile industry that could undoubtedly contribute to overcoming the environmental problems caused by the textile industry

Obtaining Polysaccharide-Based Fabrics with Improved Moisture Sorption and Dye Adsorption Properties

Featured Application: This work has a potential application in biocarpet engineering, which involves the use of cyanobacterial crusts either in the rehabilitation of damaged land surfaces or to combat desertification. Attempts to apply cyanobacterial crusts have not been completely successful so far because the growth of the initial inoculum requires more moisture than arid and semiarid environments can provide. To accelerate the development of the inoculum, it is necessary to provide additional moisture for the growth of cyanobacterial cells. Controlled water delivery could be achieved by using moisture-retentive material that is applied together with the inoculum in the treatment of damaged surfaces. Biocarpet engineering has the potential to solve not only some problems of damaged surfaces and desertification but also reduce and prevent air and water pollution caused by erosion. Raw jute fabric was treated with 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% chitosan solution to improve its sorption properties (evaluated through the moisture sorption and adsorption of textile dye Reactive Orange 16 (RO 16)), which are essential for fabric utilization as geo-prebiotic polysaccharide support that should provide the necessary water for the growth of cyanobacterial communities in biocarpet engineering. Chitosan-treated fabrics possessed 39–78% higher moisture sorption values than the untreated ones. Concerning the dye adsorption, with the increase in its initial concentration, the adsorption potential of raw and fabrics treated with 0.5 or 1.0% chitosan solution was increased up to 1.9 times. The dye adsorption onto these fabrics was exothermic and enthalpy driven. By increasing the chitosan solution percentage up to 1.0%, fabric adsorption potential increased up to 2.2 times. An inverse relationship was observed in the case of the fabric treated with 2.0% chitosan solution, its adsorption potential decreased with increasing the initial dye concentration and temperature due to the different dominant binding interactions. Concerning the contact time, dye adsorption onto fabric treated with 1.0% chitosan solution was rapid in the first 2 h, while the equilibrium was attained after 4.5 h. The isotherm and kinetic data were represented by the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively

Recovering the Soybean Hulls after Peroxidase Extraction and Their Application as Adsorbent for Metal Ions and Dyes

This study is aimed at extending the soybean hulls' lifetime by their utilization as an adsorbent for metal ions (Cd2+ and Cu2+) and dyes (Reactive Yellow 39 (RY 39) and Acid Blue 225 (AB 225)). ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, FE-SEM microscopy, and zeta potential measurements were used for adsorbent characterization. The effect of the solution's pH, peroxidase extraction, adsorbent particle size, contact time, the pollutant's initial concentration, and temperature on the soybean hulls' adsorption potential was studied. Before peroxidase extraction, soybean hulls were capable of removing 72% Cd2+, 71% Cu2+ (at a pH of 5.00) or 81% RY 39, and 73% AB 225 (at a pH of 3.00). For further experiments, soybean hulls without peroxidase were used for several reasons: (1) due to their observed higher metal ion removal, (2) in order to reduce the waste disposal cost after the peroxidase (usually used for wastewater decolorization) extraction, and (3) since the soybean hulls without peroxidase possessed significantly lower secondary pollution than those with peroxidase. Cd2+ and Cu2+ removal was slightly increased when the smaller adsorbent fraction (710-1000 μm) was used, while the adsorbent particle size did not have an impact on dye removal. After 30 min of contact time, 92% and 88% of RY 39 and AB 225 were removed, respectively, while after the same contact time, 80% and 69% of Cd2+ and Cu2+ were removed, respectively. Adsorption of all tested pollutants follows a pseudo-second-order reaction through the fast adsorption, intraparticle diffusion, and final equilibrium stage. The maximal adsorption capacities determined by the Langmuir model were 21.10, 20.54, 16.54, and 17.23 mg/g for Cd2+, Cu2+, RY 39, and AB 225, respectively. Calculated thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption of all pollutants is spontaneous and of endothermic character. Moreover, different binary mixtures were prepared, and the competitive adsorptions revealed that the soybean hulls are the most efficient adsorbent for the mixture of AB 225 and Cu2+. The findings of this study contribute to the soybean hulls' recovery after the peroxidase extraction and bring them into the circular economy concept

Addressing the environmental problems of wastewater: reducing the pollution while providing multifunctional wool fabrics

The reduction of water pollution represents one of the priority topics of the EU’s goal to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Considering this, the concept of reusing the same dyebath for multiple dyeing cycles is proposed. For this purpose, two pyridinium-based azo pyridone dyes with improved solubility and affinity towards different fibers, are used for dyeing wool fabric. It is demonstrated that the dye concentration in wastewater could be reduced up to four times by recirculation of the same dyebath 5 times. The dyed fabrics obtained in each cycle are further characterized regarding color strength (K/S) and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), while their antioxidant potential is evaluated by ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) test. The results revealed that the proposed concept could be used for obtaining multifunctional wool fabrics by following the principles of sustainable development of reducing the effluent load in wastewater

Obtaining colored antioxidant cotton and cotton/linen fabrics using green tea aqueous extract

Abstract Green tea aqueous extract was prepared and characterized regarding total flavonoids and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity (assessed by ABTS method). The characterized aqueous extract was used for dyeing and functionalization of 100% cotton and cotton/linen (47%/53% and 70%/30%) fabrics. Fabric color strength (K/S) values and their antioxidant activities before and after washing were compared. The obtained results revealed that 100% cotton (GTI), 47%/53% cotton/linen (GTII), and 70%/30% cotton/linen (GTIII) fabrics have K/S values ranging between 8.33 and 10.85. After one washing cycle, these values decreased significantly. On the other hand, dyed fabrics showed excellent (100 %) ABTS radical scavenging ability which remained excellent (GTII) or decreased to medium (GTI and GTIII) levels after one washing cycle. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that 47%/53% cotton/linen fabric is the most suitable for functional clothing capable of trapping the free radial of oxygen species. The current paper represents a step towards a more sustainable textile industry that could undoubtedly contribute to overcoming the environmental problems caused by the textile industr

Карактеризација на водни екстракти од чаеви и нивна употреба за боење и функционализација на ткаенини со различен хемиски состав

Green, black, rooibos, and hibiscus tea (GT, BT, RT, and HT) aqueous extracts were prepared and characterized in terms of total flavonoids (TFC) and total phenolic (TPC) contents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. BT has the highest, while HT has the lowest TFC (1213 vs. 415 mg l–1 ), while the extracts’ TPCs (2283 – 7251 mg l–1 ) decreased in the following order: BT > GT > RT > HT. Their antioxidant activities of 78.1 – 93.1% and 97.8 – 100% were determined according to DPPH and ABTS methods, respectively. BT and especially GT aqueous extracts possessed mild effects against several microorganisms. All examined extracts have an affinity for dyeing wool, cellulose acetate, polyamide, and cotton, which is proven by the color strength values of 1.65–19.12. Wool, polyacrylonitrile, polyester, polyamide, cotton, and cellulose acetate functionalized with GT aqueous extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli, while polyacrylonitrile and cotton also inhibited the growth of E. faecalis, and C. albicans, respectively. Wide inhibition zones for S. aureus were observed for fabrics functionalized with BT aqueous extract. Generally, the investigated fabrics showed very high (81.60 – 100%) ABTS radical scavenging ability independent of the extract used. TPCs have good linear correlations with the antioxidant activities of wool and polyacrylonitrile determined by the DPPH method. Fabrics with different chemical compositions dyed and/or functionalized with GT or BT aqueous extracts can be used to produce high-valueadded medical textiles with therapeutic, prophylactic, and protective functions. They can find potential applications in wound treatment, especially in skin wounds that are susceptible to infection with S. aureus. Moreover, wool and cotton functionalized with GT or BT aqueous extract can also be considered for use in disposable medical textiles like bandages and gauze used in the wound-healing process. Keywords: tea aqueous extract; fabric; functionalization; dyeing; antioxidant and antimicrobialВодните екстракти подготвени од црн, зелен, ројбуш и хибискус чај (GT, BT, RT и HT) се карактеризирани од аспект на количество вкупни флавоноиди (TFC) и вкупни феноли (TPC), и антиоксидациска и антимикробна активност. BT покажува најголема, а HT најмала TFC (1213 vs. 415 mg l–1), додека TPC во воденте екстракти (2283 – 7251 mg l–1) се намалува според следниов редослед: BT > GT > RT > HT. Нивната антиоксидациска активност, одредена користејќи ги методите DPPH и ABTS, се движи соодветно во опсег 78,1 – 93.1 % и 97,8 – 100 %. Водните екстракти на BT и GT покажаа благ ефект врз одредени микроорганизми. Сите испитувани екстракти имаат афинитет за боење волна, целулозен ацетат, полиамид и памук, што е потврдено со одредување на јачина на бојата на ткаенините која изнесува 1,65 – 19.12. Волната, полиакрилонитрилот, полиестерот, полиамидот, памукот и целулозниот ацетат функционализирани со воден екстракт од GT го инхибираат растот на S. aureus и E. coli, додека полиакрилонитрилот и памукот соодветно го инхибираат растот на E. faecalis и C. albicans. Широки инхибициони зони за S. aureus се воочени за ткаенините функционализирани со BT. Општо, испитуваните ткаенини покажуваат многу висока (81,60 – 100 %) способност за отстранување на ABTS-радикали. Утврдена е добра линеарна зависност помеѓу TPC во водните екстракти и антиоксидациската активност на волната и полиакрилонитрилот одредени преку методот DPPH. Ткаенините со различен хемиски состав обоени и/или функционализирани со водни екстракти од GT или BT можат да се користат за производство на медицински текстил со висока додадена вредност, кој има терапевтски, профилактички и заштитни функции. Медицинските текстилни материјали имаат потенцијална примена за третман на рани, особено за рани на кожа кои се подложни на инфекција со S. aureus. Покрај тоа, волната и памукот функционализирани со водни екстракти од GT или BT можат да се користат за производство на медицински завои и гази за еднократна употреба

Sodium Periodate Oxidation of Raw Jute Fabric – A Novel Approach for Tuning the Jute Structure and Properties

This investigation represents a novel approach for tuning the jute structure and properties using sodium periodate (NaIO4) oxidation. The obtained results revealed that the jute fabrics exhibited an increase in the aldehyde group content (for up to 114.7%) with an increase in the NaIO4 concentration and/or oxidation duration. Due to the decline in the cellulose lateral order index (LOI) and fiber crystallinity index after oxidation, it can be concluded that jute crystalline areas are affected by sodium periodate oxidation. Both mentioned parameters are responsible for fabric mechanical properties, so, it was expected that by decreasing the LOI and jute fibers’ crystallinity, their maximum force and stiffness will decrease too. This behavior is also attributed to the fiber damage, which is the most pronounced for the fabric treated with 0.4% NaIO4 for 120 min. Besides slightly deteriorated mechanical properties, fabrics oxidized with 0.2% NaIO4 for 60 or 120 min and with 0.4% NaIO4 for 60 min showed lower mass loss (6.78-12.22%) after 750 abrasion cycles compared to the raw jute (18.94%). Furthermore, oxidation led to obtaining fabrics with enhanced moisture sorption and water retention power that are inversely proportional to the fiber crystallinity. Due to the opportunity for tuning fiber structure and properties oxidized fabrics can be considered for various applications such as geo-prebiotic supports for cyanobacteria growth in biocarpet engineering, i.e., to promote a sustainable relationship between the microbiota and abiotic constituents on the degraded land surface

Zusammenspiel des DAPK-Signalweges mit dem LIMK/cofilin-Komplex in der TNF-induzierten Apoptose in HCT116 Darmkrebszellen

The PhD thesis aimed to characterize cytoskeletal alterations in TNF-induced apoptosis on the biochemical and molecular level. In the focus of the experiments was the pro-apoptotic protein kinase DAPK (death-associated protein kinase) that is a cytoskeleton-associated Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated serine/threonine kinase. In the past, our group reported that colorectal cancer cells show a DAPK-dependent caspase3-mediated apoptosis under TNF stimulus. Application of a phospho-peptide array analysis revealed a number of new phosphorylated cytoskeleton-associated proteins after TNF-treatment in colorectal cancer cells. Among them, p-cofilinSer3 was 3.3-fold up-regulated. Using knockdown (siRNA) and exogenous overexpression methods LIM kinase was identified as the responsible upstream kinase. For the first time we showed that these three proteins: DAPK1/LIMK1/cofilin1 form a pro-apoptotic multi-protein complex that is reinforced under TNF stimulus. In the next step we aimed to better understand the role of p-cofilinSer3 in apoptosis. Interestingly, p-cofilinSer3 levels were increased in apoptotic cells with condensed chromatin, pronounced membrane blebs and Annexin V up-regulation. Furthermore, dead, non-adherent (floating), paxillin negative cells showed remarkably high levels of p-cofilinSer3 and active caspase3. By varying the cofilin phosphorylation level using site directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the expression of the pseudophosphorylated (cofilinGlu3 and cofilinAsp3) and nonphosphorylatable cofilinAla3 mutant did not significantly alter TNF-induced apoptosis in comparison with cofilin wild type expression. From these experiments we suggested that p-cofilinSer3 is an indicator but not a trigger of TNF-induced apoptosis significantly up-regulated in detached cells that committed to apoptosis. We further investigated the role of DAPK in this complex. We studied the effect of DAPK inhibition and knockdown on the phosphorylation status of LIMK and cofilin under TNF. After inhibition of the catalytic activity of DAPK by a new specific DAPK inhibitor, the LIMK and p-cofilinSer3 phosphorylation was diminished. In parallel, the levels of p-cofilinSer3 and p-LIMKThr508 proteins were also reduced after DAPK siRNA knockdown experiments. Therefore, we propose a 3D structural model where DAPK functions as a scaffold for the LIMK/cofilin complex. In the next part of this study we investigated mitotic catastrophe as a type of TNF-induced cell death. Our results revealed that TNF induces structural and numerical chromosomal instabilities in colorectal tumor cells as well as a decreased mitotic index. Results from dual-color FISH showed an increased number of polyploid HCT116 cells after TNF-treatment. We assumed that there is a defective G2/M checkpoint control (DNA structure checkpoint) allowing progress from G2 to the M phase of the cell cycle which could promote polyploidy. This has to be studied in more detail. Finally, we analysed samples of colorectal cancer patients in tissue microarrays immunohistochemically stained for p-cofilinSer3 and DAPK. In contrast to the well-known function of DAPK as a tumor suppressor, DAPK up-regulation was identified as an adverse prognostic factor. It was correlated with right-sided tumors, significantly lower number of iTILs (tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) and tumors with lymphatic and vascular invasion. In addition the 5-year survival rate was significantly reduced in comparison to DAPK loss tumors (25.6% versus 52.3% respectively). There was no correlation between DAPK and p-cofilinSer3 protein expression. Accordingly, p-cofilinSer3 protein expression did not correlate with any of the clinico-pathologic factors. This interesting and new finding has to be further evaluated.Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, Veränderungen des Zytoskeletts während der TNF-induzierten Apoptose zu charakterisieren. Im Fokus der Experimente stand die pro-apoptotische Proteinkinase DAPK (death-associated protein kinase), eine zytoskelett-assoziierte, Ca2+/Calmodulin-regulierte Serin/Threonin-Kinase. Unsere Gruppe hat bereits gezeigt, dass kolorektale Tumorzellen unter TNF-Stimulus DAPK-abhängig und Caspase3-vermittelt in Apoptose gehen. Durch einen Phospho-Peptid-Array fanden wir nach TNF-Behandlung neue phosphorylierte, zytoskelett-assoziierte Proteine in kolorektalen Tumorzellen. Das Protein p-CofilinSer3 war 3,3-fach hochreguliert und daher besonders interessant. Mittels Knockdown (siRNA) und Überexpression, konnten wir LIMK1 als verantwortliche upstream Kinase identifizieren. Zum ersten Mal zeigten wir, dass diese drei Proteine – DAPK, LIMK1 und Cofilin1 – einen pro-apoptotischen Multiprotein-Komplex bilden, der unter TNF-Behandlung stabilisiert wird. Im nächsten Schritt wollten wir die Rolle von p-CofilinSer3 in der Apoptose besser verstehen. Interessanterweise, lag die Konzentration von p-CofilinSer3 höher in Zellen mit kondensiertem Chromatin, ausgeprägtem Membran-Blebbing und positiver Annexin-V-Färbung. Darüber hinaus zeigten tote, Paxillin-negative Zellen, die ihre Adhärenz zur Kulturplatte verloren hatten, hohe Konzentrationen an p-CofilinSer3 und aktiver Caspase3. Indem wir mittels p-CofilinSer3¬-Mutanten die Phosphorylierung von Cofilin veränderten, konnten wir zeigen, dass die Expression der pseudo-phosphorylierten (CofilinGlu3 und CofilinAsp3) sowie der nicht phosphorylierbaren Mutante CofilinAla3 die TNF-induzierte Apoptose nicht signifikant veränderte, im Vergleich zur Expression mit dem Cofilin-Wildtypvektor. Aus diesen Experimenten schlossen wir, dass p-CofilinSer3 eher ein Indikator und nicht ein Auslöser der TNF-induzierten Apoptose ist, und in nicht mehr adherent wachsenden Zellen signifikant hochreguliert ist. Außerdem erforschten wir die Rolle von DAPK in diesem Komplex. Wir untersuchten die Auswirkungen einer DAPK-Inhibition und eines -Knockdown auf den Phosphorylierungsstatus von LIMK und Cofilin unter TNF-Einfluss. Nach Hemmung der katalytischen Aktivität von DAPK durch einen neuen DAPK-Inhibitor, war die Phosphorylierung von LIMK und CofilinSer3 vermindert. Parallel dazu war die Phosphorylierung von CofilinSer3 und LIMKThr508 nach DAPK siRNA-Knockdown-Experimenten ebenfalls verringert. Daher schlagen wir ein strukturelles 3D-Modell vor, in dem DAPK als stabilisierendes Gerüst für den LIMK/Cofilin-Komplex dient. Im nächsten Teil dieser Studie untersuchten wir die Mitotische Katastrophe als eine Art des TNF-induzierten Zelltods. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigten, dass TNF die strukturelle und chromosomale Stabilität von kolorektalen Tumorzellen stört, ebenso führt es zu einem erniedrigten mitotischen Index. Die Ergebnisse einer Zwei-Farben-FISH zeigten eine erhöhte Anzahl polyploider HCT116 Zellen nach TNF-Behandlung. Unsere Vermutung ist daher, dass ein Defekt in der G2/M-Checkpoint-Kontrolle (DNA-Struktur-Checkpoint) vorliegt. Dies würde den Übergang von G2 in die M-Phase erlauben und könnte zur Polyploidie führen. Künftige Studien müssen das klären. Schließlich haben wir Proben von Patienten mit kolorektalen Tumoren untersucht. Die Proben haben wir in Gewebe-Microarrays immunhistochemisch gegen p-CofilinSer3 und DAPK gefärbt. Im Gegensatz zur bekannten Funktion von DAPK als Tumorsuppressor konnten wir eine DAPK-Überexpression als einen ungünstigen prognostischen Faktor identifizieren. Diese Überexpression korrelierte mit rechtsseitigen Tumoren, einer signifikant verringerten Tumorinfiltration von Lymphozyten, sowie mit Tumoren mit lymphatischer und vaskulärer Invasion. Zusätzlich war die 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate signifikant verringert im Vergleich zu Tumoren mit DAPK Verlust (25,6% gegenüber 52,3%). Es gab keinen Zusammenhang zwischen der DAPK und der p-CofilinSer3 Expression. Dem entsprechend korrelierte die p-CofilinSer3 Expression mit keinem der klinisch-pathologischen Faktoren. Dieses neue und interessante Ergebnis muss weiter untersucht werden