9 research outputs found

    Family background and school choice in cities of Russia and Estonia: selective agenda of the Soviet past and present

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    In this article, we demonstrate the size of family background effects in various regions of Russia and Estonia, concentrating on urban and rural differences, addressing the idea that the family background effect is moderated by school level admission policies. Having common path-dependent educational institutions from the communist period, the countries diff er in both the extensiveness of the welfare state and system level school choice policies. However, we see many commonalities in both systems, especially at the urban school level. The family background eff ect is defi ned as the dependence of student achievement on family background characteristics, such as parental education, income and social status. In operationalising family background, the number of books at home and parental education are used as proxies, and its effect is measured as a percentage of the individual level PISA 2012 score. We contribute to the literature by studying school choice, its key characteristics and moderating effects by school level admission policy in an urban environment

    Family Background and School Choice in Cities of Russia and Estonia: Selective Agenda of the Soviet Past and Present

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    In this article, we demonstrate the size of family background eff ects in various regions of Russia and Estonia, concentrating on urban and rural diff erences, addressing the idea that the family background effect is moderated by school level admission policies. Having common path-dependent educational institutions from the communist period, the countries diff er in both the extensiveness of the welfare state and system level school choice policies. However, we see many commonalities in both systems, especially at the urban school level. The family background eff ect is defi ned as the dependence of student achievement on family background characteristics, such as parental education, income and social status. In operationalising family background, the number of books at home and parental education are used as proxies, and its eff ect is measured as a percentage of the individual level PISA 2012 score. We contribute to the literature by studying school choice, its key characteristics and moderating eff ects by school level admission policy in an urban environment.

    ВнСурочная Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ личностных ΠΈ мСТличностных Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρƒ подростков

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    In this study, we analyze self-reported development experience of adolescents involved in various extracurricular activities. We surveyed a large number of students (9th grade) across several regions of the Russian Federation: St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, Tomsk and Tomsk region, and Pskov. The total number of respondents was 3367. The self-assessment of skills and competencies we used a recently developed YES instrument (Hansen, Larson, 2005). We surveyed the students involved into a range of organized, adult-let extracurricular activities (in hobby groups, sports teams and clubs), and analyzed the obtained data using the method of multiple regression. We have established a connection between specific types of activities and the development of specific personal and interpersonal skills: adolescents involved in individual sports and martial arts believe that these activities help them to develop time management skills and goal setting; development of teamwork skills occurs for any sports and performing activities (dance, theater, etc.); these occupations also help them to acquire the social capital. Individual sports and martial arts offer the most favorable setting for development of most of skills and competencies. At the same time, any types of activities (participation in various sports, fine arts, or academic clubs) assist the youth in building their identities. While all types of extracurricular activities have a positive impact on the development of personality and interpersonal skills, each type of activity can be characterized by its own unique profileΠ’ настоящСм исслСдовании анализируСтся ΡΡƒΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ развития подростков, Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π²Π½Π΅ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ. Π’ опросС приняли участиС большоС количСство ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² (9 класс) Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ… Российской Ρ„Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ: Π³. Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ‚- ΠŸΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³Π΅ ΠΈ ЛСнинградской области, Π³. ВомскС ΠΈ Вомской области ΠΈ Π² Π³. ПсковС. ΠžΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π΅ количСство рСспондСнтов – 3367. Для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ учащимися своих Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ использовался Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ инструмСнт YES (Hansen, Larson, 2005). Π’ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… настоящСго исслСдования проводился опрос школьников, Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ внСклассной Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ, ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ взрослыми (Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ ΠΏΠΎ интСрСсам, спортивныС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ мноТСствСнной рСгрСссии. Удалось Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ взаимосвязь ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡƒ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… личностных ΠΈ мСТличностных Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ²: подростки, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ спорта ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ искусствами, ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ спорта ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈΠΌ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ‚Π°ΠΉΠΌ-ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ постановки Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ; Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ занятий Π»ΡŽΠ±Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ спорта ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ постановочной Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ (Ρ‚Π°Π½Ρ†Ρ‹, Ρ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ ΠΈ Ρ‚.Π΄.); Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ занятий Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ позволяСт приобрСсти ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π». Π˜Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ спорта ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ искусства ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя любой Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ (Π»ΡŽΠ±Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ спорта, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ искусство ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ акадСмичСскиС ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹) ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π΄ своСй Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ. Π₯отя всС Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Π²Π½Π΅ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ личности ΠΈ мСТличностных Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ своими собствСнными ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ характСристикам

    ВнСурочная Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ личностных ΠΈ мСТличностных Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρƒ подростков

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    In this study, we analyze self-reported development experience of adolescents involved in various extracurricular activities. We surveyed a large number of students (9th grade) across several regions of the Russian Federation: St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, Tomsk and Tomsk region, and Pskov. The total number of respondents was 3367. The self-assessment of skills and competencies we used a recently developed YES instrument (Hansen, Larson, 2005). We surveyed the students involved into a range of organized, adult-let extracurricular activities (in hobby groups, sports teams and clubs), and analyzed the obtained data using the method of multiple regression. We have established a connection between specific types of activities and the development of specific personal and interpersonal skills: adolescents involved in individual sports and martial arts believe that these activities help them to develop time management skills and goal setting; development of teamwork skills occurs for any sports and performing activities (dance, theater, etc.); these occupations also help them to acquire the social capital. Individual sports and martial arts offer the most favorable setting for development of most of skills and competencies. At the same time, any types of activities (participation in various sports, fine arts, or academic clubs) assist the youth in building their identities. While all types of extracurricular activities have a positive impact on the development of personality and interpersonal skills, each type of activity can be characterized by its own unique profileΠ’ настоящСм исслСдовании анализируСтся ΡΡƒΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ развития подростков, Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π²Π½Π΅ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ. Π’ опросС приняли участиС большоС количСство ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² (9 класс) Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ… Российской Ρ„Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ: Π³. Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ‚- ΠŸΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³Π΅ ΠΈ ЛСнинградской области, Π³. ВомскС ΠΈ Вомской области ΠΈ Π² Π³. ПсковС. ΠžΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π΅ количСство рСспондСнтов – 3367. Для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ учащимися своих Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ использовался Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ инструмСнт YES (Hansen, Larson, 2005). Π’ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… настоящСго исслСдования проводился опрос школьников, Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ внСклассной Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ, ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ взрослыми (Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ ΠΏΠΎ интСрСсам, спортивныС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ мноТСствСнной рСгрСссии. Удалось Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ взаимосвязь ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡƒ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… личностных ΠΈ мСТличностных Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ²: подростки, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ спорта ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ искусствами, ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ спорта ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈΠΌ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ‚Π°ΠΉΠΌ-ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ постановки Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ; Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ занятий Π»ΡŽΠ±Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ спорта ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ постановочной Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ (Ρ‚Π°Π½Ρ†Ρ‹, Ρ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ ΠΈ Ρ‚.Π΄.); Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ занятий Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ позволяСт приобрСсти ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π». Π˜Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ спорта ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ искусства ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя любой Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ (Π»ΡŽΠ±Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ спорта, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ искусство ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ акадСмичСскиС ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹) ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π΄ своСй Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ. Π₯отя всС Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Π²Π½Π΅ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ личности ΠΈ мСТличностных Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ своими собствСнными ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ характСристикам

    Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses Indicate a Wide and Ancient Radiation of African Hepatitis Delta Virus, Suggesting a Deltavirus Genus of at Least Seven Major Clades

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    Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for transmission and propagation and infects nearly 20 million people worldwide. The HDV genome is a compact circular single-stranded RNA genome with extensive intramolecular complementarity. Despite its different epidemiological and pathological patterns, the variability and geographical distribution of HDV are limited to three genotypes and two subtypes that have been characterized to date. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the delta antigen gene and full-length genome sequence data show an extensive and probably ancient radiation of African lineages, suggesting that the genetic variability of HDV is much more complex than was previously thought, with evidence of additional clades. These results relate the geographic distribution of HDV more closely to the genetic variability of its helper HBV
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