Resíduos de sorgo e a mineralização do nitrogênio em LATOSSOLO VERMELHO fase cerrado

Management alterations induce significant modifications on organic matter quality and quantity, on N quantity and forms and on the mineralization process. The aim of this work was to study the influence of straw on the N mineralization rates of the N-NH4+ and N-NO3 forms during the decomposition of residues of two sorghum genotypes. The experimental design consisted of a 3x2x3 complete block outline, including two soil managements, three cultural residues and two nitrogen levels, with three replications. Percolation tubes were prepared with 20 g of soil mixed with 20 g of sand. Each tube with soil and sand received 0.1g residual straw from the two sorghum genotypes, with and without 50 mg N kg-1 in the form of ammonium nitrate. A control treatment was maintained without straw in the presence and absence of N. After an initial seven day incubation period, N was extracted weekly, over 49 days, using 100 mL of 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2. The forms N-NH4+ and N-NO3- were determined spectroscoptically (UV/VIS) in the percolated extracts. N mineralization dependent on sorghum genotype and applied N. Sorghum straw influenced time and amount of N mineralized. The N-NH4+/ N-NO3- ratio showed variability during the incubation time as influenced by the incorporated residue. That ratio increased up to fifteen days of incubation time and decreased in subsequent periods. Without residues the mineralization potential was higher in the N-NO3 form.As alterações de manejo exercem significativas modificações na qualidade e na quantidade da matéria orgânica, na quantidade e nas formas de N no solo e no processo de mineralização de N. Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se a taxa de mineralização do N e a variação de N-NH4+ e N-NO3- durante a decomposição dos resíduos de duas cultivares de sorgo. Os tratamentos seguiram o esquema fatorial 2x3x2, em blocos ao acaso, com dois manejos de solo, três resíduos culturais, dois níveis de nitrogênio e três repetições. Tubos de percolação foram montados com a adição de 20 g dos solos amostrados, misturados com 20 g de areia. A cada conjunto de solo mais areia, adicionou-se 0,1 g do resíduo cultural das cultivares de sorgo, com ou sem 50 mg kg-1 de N, na forma de nitrato de amônio. Após um período de incubação de sete dias, semanalmente e por 49 dias, o nitrogênio foi extraído com 100 mL de CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1. No percolado, determinaram-se os teores de N-NH4+ e o N- NO3-. A mineralização apresentou dependência da cultivar e do N. Os resíduos de sorgo alteraram o tempo e a quantidade mineralizada de nitrogênio. A relação N-NH4+/ N-NO3- variou com o tempo de incubação e com a qualidade do resíduo. Houve aumento até aos quinze dias de incubação e decréscimos nos períodos seguintes. Na ausência de resíduo cultural o solo apresentou maior potencial de mineralização na forma de N-NO3

Rhizobium strains competitiveness on bean nodulation in Cerrado soils

The objective of this work was to identify the most competitive and effective Rhizobium strains in order to increase common bean yield by nitrogen fixation as alternative or complementation to the nitrogen fertilization. Competitiveness tests were lead in axenic conditions, in Cerrado soil pots and in three field experiments, with native Rhizobium strains that were previously identified, according to their effectiveness and genetic variability. The identification of strains in nodules was performed using serological tests (axenic conditions) - agglutination and enzyme linked immunosorbent (Elisa) assays - and random amplified polymorfic DNA (RAPD) (Cerrado soil). Plant yield was determined using the dry weight (greenhouse conditions), total N and grain yield (field experiments). Among the analyzed Rhizobium strains, native strain SLA 2.2 and commercial strain CIAT 899 were the dominant nodules in plants of the most productive plots, presenting yield productivity similar or higher to those obtained in treatments where 20 kg ha-1 of N were applied.O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as estirpes de Rhizobium mais efetivas e competitivas, a fim de maximizar a produtividade do feijoeiro por meio da fixação de nitrogênio, como alternativa à adubação nitrogenada. Foram conduzidos testes de competitividade em condições axênicas, em vasos com solo do Cerrado e em três experimentos de campo, com estirpes de Rhizobium nativas, previamente selecionadas quanto à efetividade e à variabilidade genética. A identificação das estirpes nos nódulos foi efetuada por meio das técnicas de aglutinação e ensaio imunoabsorvente de ligação de enzimas (Elisa), em condições de casa de vegetação, e pela técnica de DNA polimórfico amplificado ao acaso (RAPD), em solo de Cerrado. A produtividade das plantas foi determinada pela produção de matéria seca, teor de N e produção de grãos (condições de campo). A estirpe nativa SLA 2.2 e a estirpe comercial CIAT 899 foram dominantes nos nódulos das plantas das parcelas mais produtivas, com índices de produtividade iguais ou superiores aos obtidos nos tratamentos em que foram aplicados 20 kg ha-1 de N

Different effects of transgenic maize and nontransgenic maize on nitrogen-transforming archaea and bacteria in tropical soils

The composition of the rhizosphere microbiome is a result of interactions between plant roots, soil, and environmental conditions. The impact of genetic variation in plant species on the composition of the root-associated microbiota remains poorly understood. This study assessed the abundances and structures of nitrogen-transforming (ammonia-oxidizing) archaea and bacteria as well as nitrogen-fixing bacteria driven by genetic modification of their maize host plants. The data show that significant changes in the abundances (revealed by quantitative PCR) of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial and archaeal communities occurred as a result of the maize host being genetically modified. In contrast, the structures of the total communities (determined by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) were mainly driven by factors such as soil type and season and not by plant genotype. Thus, the abundances of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial and archaeal communities but not structures of those communities were revealed to be responsive to changes in maize genotype, allowing the suggestion that community abundances should be explored as candidate bioindicators for monitoring the possible impacts of cultivation of genetically modified plants