Evaluación de la resistencia a corrosión sobre tensión y fragilización por hidrógeno de soldaduras circunferenciales de aceros API 5L X80 fabricados en Brasil

Resumen Este estudio evalúa la susceptibilidad a corrosión sobre tensión (SSCC) y la fragilización por hidrógeno (HE), de soldaduras circunferenciales de acero API 5L-X80 producidos en Brasil. Ensayos de tracción con baja velocidad de deformación (SSRT) y ensayos de permeación de hidrógeno se realizaron a temperatura ambiente, en soluciones de tiosulfato de sodio, para simular diferentes ambientes ácidos. La susceptibilidad a la HE y potencialmente a SSCC se manifestó por la reducción de la ductilidad en los ensayos SSRT y el aumento en los valores de corriente de permeación de hidrógeno, para casi todas las uniones soldadas ensayadas. Se observó mayor susceptibilidad en las soluciones más ácidas (pH = 3,4), mientras que para las soluciones de ensayo menos ácidas (pH = 4,4) se observó poca pérdida de ductilidad y la corriente de permeación de hidrógeno se mantuvo en valores cercanos a cero, lo que indica poca o ninguna penetración de hidrógeno a través del metal para los tiempos de ensayo utilizados. Este comportamiento fue atribuido a la disolución anódica del Fe junto con la fragilización por hidrógeno. Se observó que el pH de la solución tiene mayor influencia que la concentración de H2S, en la susceptibilidad a SSCC y HE. Palabras clave: susceptibilidad, hidrógeno, fragilización, corrosión bajo tensión.Evaluation of the susceptibility to sulphide stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement of API 5L X80 girth welds steel manufactured in Brazil Abstract This study evaluates the susceptibility to sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of API 5L-X80 girth welds steel produced in Brazil. Tensile and low strain rate tests (SSRT) and hydrogen permeation tests were performed at room temperature in solutions of sodium thiosulfate, to simulate different acidic environments. The susceptibility to HE and potentially SSCC is manifested by the reduction in ductility in the SSRT tests and increased the values  of hydrogen permeation current for almost all welds tested. Increased susceptibility was observed in more acidic solutions (pH = 3.4), while for the test solutions less acidic (pH = 4.4) was observed little loss of ductility and hydrogen permeation current was maintained at values  close to zero, indicating little or no penetration of hydrogen through the metal for test times used. This behavior was attributed to the anodic dissolution of Fe with hydrogen embrittlement. It was observed that the pH of the solution has a greater influence than the concentration of H2S in the susceptibility to SSCC and HE. Keywords: susceptibility, hydrogen, embrittlement, stress corrosion cracking

Evaluación de la resistencia a corrosión sobre tensión y fragilización por hidrógeno de soldaduras circunferenciales de aceros API 5L X80 fabricados en Brasil

Resumen Este estudio evalúa la susceptibilidad a corrosión sobre tensión (SSCC) y la fragilización por hidrógeno (HE), de soldaduras circunferenciales de acero API 5L-X80 producidos en Brasil. Ensayos de tracción con baja velocidad de deformación (SSRT) y ensayos de permeación de hidrógeno se realizaron a temperatura ambiente, en soluciones de tiosulfato de sodio, para simular diferentes ambientes ácidos. La susceptibilidad a la HE y potencialmente a SSCC se manifestó por la reducción de la ductilidad en los ensayos SSRT y el aumento en los valores de corriente de permeación de hidrógeno, para casi todas las uniones soldadas ensayadas. Se observó mayor susceptibilidad en las soluciones más ácidas (pH = 3,4), mientras que para las soluciones de ensayo menos ácidas (pH = 4,4) se observó poca pérdida de ductilidad y la corriente de permeación de hidrógeno se mantuvo en valores cercanos a cero, lo que indica poca o ninguna penetración de hidrógeno a través del metal para los tiempos de ensayo utilizados. Este comportamiento fue atribuido a la disolución anódica del Fe junto con la fragilización por hidrógeno. Se observó que el pH de la solución tiene mayor influencia que la concentración de H2S, en la susceptibilidad a SSCC y HE. Palabras clave: susceptibilidad, hidrógeno, fragilización, corrosión bajo tensión.Evaluation of the susceptibility to sulphide stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement of API 5L X80 girth welds steel manufactured in Brazil Abstract This study evaluates the susceptibility to sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of API 5L-X80 girth welds steel produced in Brazil. Tensile and low strain rate tests (SSRT) and hydrogen permeation tests were performed at room temperature in solutions of sodium thiosulfate, to simulate different acidic environments. The susceptibility to HE and potentially SSCC is manifested by the reduction in ductility in the SSRT tests and increased the values  of hydrogen permeation current for almost all welds tested. Increased susceptibility was observed in more acidic solutions (pH = 3.4), while for the test solutions less acidic (pH = 4.4) was observed little loss of ductility and hydrogen permeation current was maintained at values  close to zero, indicating little or no penetration of hydrogen through the metal for test times used. This behavior was attributed to the anodic dissolution of Fe with hydrogen embrittlement. It was observed that the pH of the solution has a greater influence than the concentration of H2S in the susceptibility to SSCC and HE. Keywords: susceptibility, hydrogen, embrittlement, stress corrosion cracking

LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED CRACKING OF API-X70 AND X80 PIPELINE STEELS

ABSTRACT Carbon steels, used in pipelines for the transport of oil and its derivatives, are frequently exposed to fluids. This can result in stress induced corrosion cracking (SCC) and/or hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The present paper evaluates the susceptibility of pipeline steels (API-X70 and API-X80) to SCC and HE, using a slow strain rate test (SSRT) based on the National Association of Corrosion Engineers' (NACE) norm and a traditional standard NACE test. The (SSRT) method used, employed a sodium thiosulphate solution to evaluate susceptibility to HE, thereby offering a simpler experimental procedure than the standard NACE test. The results confirm the efficacy of the sodium thiosulphate as an H 2 S -SCC susceptibility test solution when utilised in SSRT testing. Though no secondary cracks were detected in the materials investigated, both steels were observed to suffer a ductility loss upon exposure to this solution. In NACE type tests, the test pieces were subjected to constant loading at 80% of σ y . Fracture did not occur for these samples

3D conductive monolithic carbons from pyrolyzed bamboo for microfluidic self-heating system

Bamboo, like wood, is a promising natural template for biobased devices that takes advantage of its hierarchical architecture, microarray channels, anisotropic mechanical and electrical properties. Herein we report a low heat thermal treatment (HTT, 700-1000 °C) of natural bamboo specimens to obtain bamboo-based graphitic devices with thermoelectric and electrochemical properties. The preservation of the highly anisotropic architecture of three-dimensional carbon material (3D-CM) allowed adding specific thermoelectric and electrochemical properties depending on the HTT of the pristine specimens. High electric conductivity (σ, 839 S/m) was observed at 1000 °C showing a remarkable potential application as a bamboo-based working electrode. The bamboo annealed to 700 °C showed higher resistivity (ρ, 0.15 Ω m, and σ, 6.6 S/m), thermal conductivity (1.77 W/m K), and thermal heating rate (1.0 °C/s). The pyrolyzed biomass (B-700) was used as a 3D microfluidic heater to heat polar solvents (H2O and ethylene glycol) in flow mode up to their boiling points. A 2D carbon hotplate heater was built-up to warm solvent in batch mode. A complete chemical and physical characterization of the samples allowed us to determine structural and chemical compositions, cellulose crystalline structure phase transition to graphitic/turbostratic carbon, thermal and electrical conductivity of unprecedented bambootronics bio-devices

Desempenho de metal de solda adequado para soldagem de componentes de ancoragem

O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados de um programa de pesquisa cujo objetivo principal é o desenvolvimento de consumíveis adequados para a soldagem de componentes de ancoragem fabricados em aços de alta resistência. Após avaliação de diferentes composições químicas, com base no balanço de Mn e Ni é feita uma análise detalhada das propriedades mecânicas e microestruturais da composição química que propiciou os melhores resultados para permitir uma conclusão decisiva. Foram soldadas juntas pelo processo eletrodo revestido utilizando consumíveis de 4,0 mm de diâmetro, com preaquecimento de 200 ºC, corrente contínua, posição plana e energia de soldagem nominal de 1,5 kJ / mm. Após a soldagem, foram realizados ensaios mecânicos (tensão, impacto Charpy-V, dureza) e metalográficos por microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e EBSD em amostras removidas integralmente do metal de solda, tanto na condição de como soldado quanto após tratamento térmico pós-soldagem (TTPS) realizado a 600 ºC. Os resultados mostram que os metais de solda obtiveram propriedades mecânicas satisfatórias após o TTPS, sendo adequados para aplicação em componentes de ancoragem de acordo com a especificação IACS W22. Além disso, observou-se que a tenacidade ao impacto experimentou uma melhoria com o aumento do tempo de TTPS, o que é crucial para componentes com maiores espessuras. Palavras-chave: metal de solda, propriedades mecânicas, tratamento térmico, componentes de ancorage