THE RIGHT OF THE ACCUSED TO ACCESS TO A LAWYER IN THE PRE-INVESTIGATION STAGE OF PROCEEDINGS - THE INFLUENCE OF THE ECHtR PRACTICE

The right to defense is the most important guarantee for the accused to achieve procedural equality of the parties, which gives a chance to the person against whom the indictment is directed to effectively oppose the prosecutor side in the criminal proceedings. Realization of the right to defense is particularly important from the first action, which restricts the suspect's right to personal freedom, such as arres,t or detention in pre-trial proceedings. Also, the presence of a defense attorney is of crucial importance during interrogation by the police in the pre-investigation stage of proceedings, bearing in mind the particularly vulnerable position of the accused (suspect) in that time. In this way, abuse of the suspect is also prevented. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter: The Court) has made significant progress in this domain, starting with the case of Salduz v. Turkey, to the cases of Beuze v. Belgium and Dvorski v. Croatia. In the paper, the author will point out the implications of the aforementioned case law for the procedural legislation of the member states of the Council of Europe, as well as for the law of the European Union

LIMITATION OF THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY BY SECRET OBSERVATION OF THE SUSPECT'S COMMUNICATION

The right to privacy is one of the fundamental human rights. However, the illumination of modern types of crime (especially organized crime) requires the use of technical achievements that necessarily limit the privacy of the persons to whom these measures have been applied. Thanks to scientific and technological progress, interpersonal contacts take place with the absence of the time distance required to move information from the sender to the recipient. It is realistic to expect that the authority of criminal proceedings can hardly resist the temptation to supplement evidence with the insight into the intimacy of the defendant (or suspect). Thus, achievements of scientific and technological progress are the legacy that makes it easier and adorn human life, but it is also "restless Faust" who is tempting a man at every step. Certainly scientific and technical achievements "provoke" the legislator, as well as the police and judicial authorities in the process of clarifying the criminal case. A delicate task is set before the legislator. The provisions of the law must be such as to provide for the suppression of perpetrators of criminal offenses (especially organized crime), who in the performance of their activities of criminal character use the most modern scientific and technical achievements. On the other hand, a border must be determined, dividing legally from unlawful interference with private life, which must not be crossed by the police and judicial authorities, engaged in the criminal prosecution of perpetrators of criminal offenses

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE - IMPLICATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS CASE LAW TO THE COURTS PRACTISE IN SERBIA

Domestic violence has existed in rudimentary forms of the family, and has persisted until today. It is considered as a manifestation of control and power over family members. Studies have shown that domestic violence leaves grave consequences for the bio-psychosocial condition of the victim, especially if it is a child victim. The European Court of Human Rights was still dealing with this issue, primarily in cases of violation of Article 8, where right to respect for private life stupulated. In addition, the Court dealt with domestic violence, when considering the violation of the right to life, the prohibition of torture, the prohibition of forced labor, the right to a fair trial, the right to an effective legal remedy, and the prohibition of discrimination. Violence in Serbia is a phenomenon, that is, according to statistics, continues to increase. Although in Serbia there is a legal framework for protection against domestic violence, but in the practice of the courts was observed mild penal policy. Inadequate coordination of state authorities in preventing and combating domestic violence, may lead to violation of the positive obligations under the Convention for the country, both in terms of protection of the right to life and the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degradingtreatment. A chronic disease of the judicial system of Serbia, excessive length of judicial proceedings, is directly contrary to the realization of the right to trial within a reasonable time, as well as the effectiveness of the legal remedies. The authors is dealing with relevant cases from the European Court, quoting and noting the conclusions of the judgment, which serve as support to national legislators, in order to create an adequate legal framework for effectiveaction in the case of identifying domestic violence, as well as sanctioning the perpetrators of this crime

Frequency-selective near-field enhancement of radiative heat transfer via photonic-crystal slabs: a general computational approach for arbitrary geometries and materials

We demonstrate the possibility of achieving enhanced frequency-selective near-field radiative heat transfer between patterned (photonic crystal) slabs at designable frequencies and separations, exploiting a general numerical approach for computing heat transfer in arbitrary geometries and materials based on the finite-difference time-domain method. Our simulations reveal a tradeoff between selectivity and near-field enhancement as the slab--slab separation decreases, with the patterned heat transfer eventually reducing to the unpatterned result multiplied by a fill factor (described by a standard proximity approximation). We also find that heat transfer can be further enhanced at selective frequencies when the slabs are brought into a glide-symmetric configuration, a consequence of the degeneracies associated with the non-symmorphic symmetry group

Self-Powered Edible Defrosting Sensor

Improper freezing of food causes food waste and negatively impacts the environment. In this work, we propose a device that can detect defrosting events by coupling a temperature-activated galvanic cell with an ionochromic cell, which is activated by the release of ions during current flow. Both the components of the sensor are fabricated through simple and low-energy-consuming procedures from edible materials. The galvanic cell operates with an aqueous electrolyte solution, producing current only at temperatures above the freezing point of the solution. The ionochromic cell exploits the current generated during the defrosting to release tin ions, which form complexes with natural dyes, causing the color change. Therefore, this sensor provides information about defrosting events. The temperature at which the sensor reacts can be tuned between 0 and -50 °C. The device can thus be flexibly used in the supply chain: as a sensor, it can measure the length of exposure to above-the-threshold temperatures, while as a detector, it can provide a signal that there was exposure to above-the-threshold temperatures. Such a device can ensure that frozen food is handled correctly and is safe for consumption. As a sensor, it could be used by the workers in the supply chain, while as a detector, it could be useful for end consumers, ensuring that the food was properly frozen during the whole supply chain

Salicylic Acid Attenuates Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Gentamicin (GM) is a widely used antibiotic against serious and life-threatening infections, but its usefulness is limited by the development of nephrotoxicity. The present study was designed to determine the protective effect of salicylic acid (SA) in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Quantitative evaluation of gentamicin-induced structural alterations and degree of functional alterations in the kidneys were performed by histopathological and biochemical analyses in order to determine potential beneficial effects of SA coadministration with gentamicin. Gentamicin was observed to cause a severe nephrotoxicity which was evidenced by an elevation of serum urea and creatinine levels. The significant increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and protein carbonyl groups indicated that GM-induced tissue injury was mediated through oxidative reactions. On the other hand, simultaneous SA administration protected kidney tissue against the oxidative damage and the nephrotoxic effect caused by GM treatment. Exposure to GM caused necrosis of tubular epithelial cells. Necrosis of tubules was found to be prevented by SA pretreatment. The results from our study indicate that SA supplement attenuates oxidative-stress associated renal injury by reducing oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation in gentamicin-treated rats

Bujnost, prinos i masa ploda šljive (P. Domestica l.) u zavisnosti od razmaka sadnje

The paper presents the results of a five year (from 2 to 6 vegetation) which compared two growth forms of plum: high density planting and classic growth forms with larger spacing. The research included three plum cultivars: Čačanska lepotica, Čačanska rodna and Stenley. All of them have been grafted on Myrobalan seedlings (P. cerasifera Ehrh.). It has been researched the effect of three variants of the growing system: high density planting, with growing form of spindle bush and forms with bigger spacing such as pyramid and a vase as a growing forms. In the plantation were applied all measures of care except of irrigation. In terms of vigor observed through the trunck cross-sectional area, during all the years of research a bigger vigour was found in trees in traditional growing systems. Generaly, the most vigorous cultivar was Stenley. The yield in the early years after planting (2-5th vegetation) was significantly higher in the cultivars grown in a dense planting. Yield efficiency was also significantly higher in high density planted cultivars. Biennial bearing index was highest at Čačanska rodna. The fruit mass of tested cultivars did not differ depending on spacing.U radu su prikazani petogodišnji rezultati (od 2. do 6. vegetacije) kojima se porede gusta sadnja šljive i klasični sistemi gajenja sa većim razmacima sadnje. Sorte na kojima su vršena istraživanja su Čačanska lepotica, Čačanska rodna i Stanley, kalemljene na sejancu džanarike (P. cerasifera Ehrh.). Ispitivan je uticaj tri varijante sistema gajenja: gusta sadnja sa uzgojnim oblikom vretenasti žbun i retka sadnja sa piramidom i vazom kao uzgojnim oblicima. U zasadu su primenjivane sve mere nege osim navodnjavanja. U pogledu bujnosti posmatrane kroz površinu poprečnog preseka debla, tokom svih godina istraživanja veća bujnost je bila kod klasičnih sistema gajenja, a od sorti najveća kod sorte Stanley. Prinos u početnim godinama po sadnji (2-5. vegetacija) je bio značajno veći kod sorti gajenih u gustoj sadnji. Koeficijent rodnosti je takođe bio značajno veći u varijanti guste sadnje. Indeks alternativne rodnosti je bio najveći kod Čačanske rodne. Masa ploda ispitivanjih sorti se nije razlikovala u zavisnosti od razmaka sadnje

Vegetativni rast, rodnost i kvalitet ploda šljive u zavisnosti od podloge

The paper examines the vegetative growth of the tree, the weight of the fruit and the content of total soluble solids (RSM) in the fruit in three cultivars of plums grafted on four rootstocks: one generative (Myrobalan seedling) and three vegetative (Pixy, St. Julien A and Ferley). The results showed that the greatest vigour of cultivars was caused by the Myrobalan seedling, and the smallest by Pixy. The weight of the fruit and the content of RSM varied depending on the cultivar and rootstock. The highest weight of the fruit at Čačanska lepotica and Čačanska najbolja was conducted on St. Julien А rootstock, while in the case of Čačanska rana, it was on Myrobalan seedling. All of three cultivars had the highest content of RSM in the fruit on Pyxi rootstock.U radu su ispititivani vegetativni rast stabla, masa ploda i sadržaj rastvorljivih suvih materija (RSM) u plodu kod tri sorte šljive kalemljene na četiri podloge: jednoj generativnoj (Džanarika) i tri vegetativne (Pixu, St. Julien A i Ferley). Rezultati su pokazali da je najveću bujnost kod sorti izazvala Džanarika, a najmanju Pihu. Masa ploda i sadržaj RSM je varirao u zavisnosti od sorte i podloge. Najveću masu ploda Čačanska lepotica i Čačanska najbolja imale su na podlozi St. Julien A, dok je kod Čačanske rane to bilo na podlozi Džanarika. Sve tri sorte su najveći sadržaj rastvorljivih suvih materija (RSM) u plodu imale na podlozi Pixy