Statička i dinamička naliza vratila s dva diska

Ovaj rad se bavi statičkom i dinamičkom analizom vratila s dva diska ukliještenog na oba kraja. Treba provesti analizu vibracija i čvrstoće vratila. Analiza obuhvaća određivanje prirodnih frekvencija i oblika vibriranja u slučaju slobodnih vibracija, određivanje odgovarajućih odziva kod djelovanja zadane uzbude u slučaju prisilnih vibracija, provjeru čvrstoće vratila na savijanje i uvijanje kod djelovanja odgovarajućih inercijskih sila i momenata. Za proračun fleksijkih vibracija koristit će se metoda utjecajnih koeficijenata, a za proračun torzijskih vibracija metoda diskretnog sustava s dva stupnja slobode gibanja. Provjera rezultata proračuna slobodnih vibracija provest će se metodom jednolike grede. Provjera čvrsoće vratila na savijanje i uvijanje će se provesti metodom konačnih elemenata

Bladder Cancer

Procjena stadija bolesti ključna je u odabiru optimalnog načina liječenja. Kvaliteta transuretralne resekcije i patološka evaluacija reseciranog tkiva tumora temelji su procjene stadija bolesti. Ponovna transuretralna resekcija indicirana je kod nepotpune resekcije tumora te kod bolesnika s visokorizičnim nemišićnoinvazivnim rakom mjehura. Najnovija saznanja podupiru agresivan kirurški tretman invazivnog karcinoma mjehura. Stratifikacija rizika temelji se na nalazu patologa pri početnoj transuretralnoj resekciji. Bolesnici s bolesti ograničenom na organ i negativnim limfnim čvorovima imaju izvrsne izglede za dugoročno preživljavanje.The staging of bladder cancer is crucial for optimal management of the disease. Quality of the transurethral resection of bladder carcinoma and pathologic evaluation of resected tissue by a specialized uropathologist is the cornerstone of bladder carcinoma staging. Restaging transurethral resection is indicated in high-risk non-invasive cancers and also if incomplete resection is demonstrated or suspected. Evidence supports early, aggressive surgical management of invasive bladder cancer. Risk stratification of patients with bladder cancer based on pathologic features at initial transurethral resection or at recurrence can select those patients most appropriate for early radical cystectomy. In patients with organ-confined, lymph node-negative urothelial bladder carcinoma, excellent long-term survival rates can be achieved

Bladder Cancer

Procjena stadija bolesti ključna je u odabiru optimalnog načina liječenja. Kvaliteta transuretralne resekcije i patološka evaluacija reseciranog tkiva tumora temelji su procjene stadija bolesti. Ponovna transuretralna resekcija indicirana je kod nepotpune resekcije tumora te kod bolesnika s visokorizičnim nemišićnoinvazivnim rakom mjehura. Najnovija saznanja podupiru agresivan kirurški tretman invazivnog karcinoma mjehura. Stratifikacija rizika temelji se na nalazu patologa pri početnoj transuretralnoj resekciji. Bolesnici s bolesti ograničenom na organ i negativnim limfnim čvorovima imaju izvrsne izglede za dugoročno preživljavanje.The staging of bladder cancer is crucial for optimal management of the disease. Quality of the transurethral resection of bladder carcinoma and pathologic evaluation of resected tissue by a specialized uropathologist is the cornerstone of bladder carcinoma staging. Restaging transurethral resection is indicated in high-risk non-invasive cancers and also if incomplete resection is demonstrated or suspected. Evidence supports early, aggressive surgical management of invasive bladder cancer. Risk stratification of patients with bladder cancer based on pathologic features at initial transurethral resection or at recurrence can select those patients most appropriate for early radical cystectomy. In patients with organ-confined, lymph node-negative urothelial bladder carcinoma, excellent long-term survival rates can be achieved

Examples of trends in water management systems under influence of modern technologies

Dobivanje pouzdanih i pravovremenih informacija o trenutačnom i o budućem stanju voda omogućava učinkovito upravljanje vodnogospodarskim sustavima. U ovom se radu prikazuju prednosti i izazovi primjene naprednih tehnologija pri prikupljanju, obradi i integraciji podataka unutar nekoliko primjera sustava gospodarenja vodama. Pokazuje se kako napredne tehnologije imaju izraženu učinkovitost u preciznom praćenju različitih fenomena okoliša, u povećanju sigurnosti vodnih resursa i objekata te omogućavaju smanjenje potrošnje vode i energije uz povećanje kvalitete vode.Reliable and timely information about the current and future condition of water enables an efficient management of water management systems. Advantages and challenges of the use of modern technologies in the collection, analysis, and integration of data, are presented in this paper by means of several examples of water management systems. It is shown how advanced technologies demonstrate a pronounced efficiency in accurate monitoring of various environmental phenomena and in increasing safety of water resources and facilities, while also enabling low water and energy consumption, with simultaneous increase in water quality

Augmentation enterocystoplasty in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Zadaća je studije bila procijeniti efikasnost augmetacijsk cistoplastike u liječenju bolesnika s jasno definiranim neurološkim lezijama i posljedičnim neurogenim mjehurom. Kod 22 bolesnika (21 muškarac i 1 žena) učinjena je augmentacijska cistoplastika zbog neurogene disfunkcije mjehura (14 ratnih ozljeda kralježnice, 7 prometnih ozljeda kralježnice, 1 transverzalni mijelitis). Temeljna indikacija za operaciju bila je neuspješna farmakoterapija, uz intermitentnu kateterizaciju i persistentnu urinarnu inkontinenciju, s kontinuiranim oštećenjem funkcije gornjeg urinarnog trakta. U 20 bolesnika učinjena je clam ileocistoplastika, dok je u dva bolesnika učinjena augmentacija ileocekoascendensom uz kontinentnu apendikostomiju. (Mainz 1). Rezultati su procjenjivani klinički i urodinamski nakon tri mjeseca i na zadnjem followupu (9 do 18 mjeseci). Gornji urinarni trakt i renalna funkcija bili su poboljšani ili ostali stabilni u svih bolesnika, kao što je u svih acidibazni status bio normalan. Tri mjeseca postoperativno svi su bolesnici bili kontinentni po danu, dok je 9 bolesnika imalo povremene epizode noćne enureze. Na zadnjem followupu svi su bolesnici bili kontinentni dan i noć, uz povremenu samokateterizaciju svakih 4 do 6 sati. Na urodinamskom ispitivanju (3 mjeseca) funkcionalni kapacitet mjehura iznosio je 310.0±78.31 ml, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na prijeoperativnu vrijednost od 129.55±56.01 (p<0.0001; t=8,790 unpaired t test). Na zadnjem folowupu funkcionalni je kapacitet mjehura iznosio 502.73±107.14 ml, što je značajno povećanje, kako u odnosu na prijeoperativnu vrijednost, tako i u odnosu na vrijednost kapaciteta nakon tri mjeseca (p<0.0001; t=14.478; odnosno p<0.0001; t=6.812, unpaired t test). Ovaj bi nalaz sugerirao da je potrebno određeno vrijeme (duže od tri mjeseca) da se postigne definitivni uzorak ponašanja augmentiranog mjehura. Augmentacijska je cistoplastika terapijski modalitet kojim se može postići niskotlačni rezervoar, uz veliki kapacitet mjehura, te kontinencija pomoću povremene samokateterizacije.The aim of this study was to estimate efficacy of augmentation cystoplasty in treating patients with clearly defined neurological lesions and consequent neurogenic urinary bladder. The augmentation cystoplasty was performed in 22 patients (21 male and 1 female) with neurogenic bladder dysfunction (14 war spinal cord injuries, 7 spinal cord injuries caused by car accident and 1 transverse myelitis). The augmentation cystoplasty was basically indicated in patients with severe detrusor hyperreflexia and / or poor bladder compliance and with progressive damage of the upper urinary tract despite aggressive pharmacological therapy and intermittent self-catheterization. Clam ileocystoplasty was performed in 20 patients whereas in two patients we used ileocecal segment with continent appendicistomy (Mainz 1). The first postoperative followup included clinical examination and urodynamic evaluation. It was performed 3 months postoperatively and the last followup was not performed until 18 months following surgery. The renal function as well as the upper part of urinary system showed improvement or stayed stable in all patients. An acid-base balance was normal in all of them. Three months following surgery all patients were continent daily, whereas 9 out of 22 patients experienced some episodes of nocturnal enuresis. At the moment of the last followup all 22 patients were continent during 24 hours every day with intermitent self-catheterization every 4-6 hours. Three months postoperatively urodynamic evaluation revealed significant enlargement of functional bladder capacity (310.00±78.31 ml related to preoperative volume of 129.55±56.01 ml; p<0.0001; t=8.790 unpaired t-test). The last followup showed functional bladder capacity of 502.73±107.14 ml; significant enlargement related to either preoperative capacity or capacity measured three months postoperatively (p<0-0001; t=14.478 or p<0.0001; t=6.812, unpaired t-test). These results may suggest a time (more than 3 months) neede to reach a definitive pattern of augmented bladder behavior. Augmentation cystoplasty is a therapeutic modality that should be considered a viable treatment option in selected patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Augmentation enterocystoplasty in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Zadaća je studije bila procijeniti efikasnost augmetacijsk cistoplastike u liječenju bolesnika s jasno definiranim neurološkim lezijama i posljedičnim neurogenim mjehurom. Kod 22 bolesnika (21 muškarac i 1 žena) učinjena je augmentacijska cistoplastika zbog neurogene disfunkcije mjehura (14 ratnih ozljeda kralježnice, 7 prometnih ozljeda kralježnice, 1 transverzalni mijelitis). Temeljna indikacija za operaciju bila je neuspješna farmakoterapija, uz intermitentnu kateterizaciju i persistentnu urinarnu inkontinenciju, s kontinuiranim oštećenjem funkcije gornjeg urinarnog trakta. U 20 bolesnika učinjena je clam ileocistoplastika, dok je u dva bolesnika učinjena augmentacija ileocekoascendensom uz kontinentnu apendikostomiju. (Mainz 1). Rezultati su procjenjivani klinički i urodinamski nakon tri mjeseca i na zadnjem followupu (9 do 18 mjeseci). Gornji urinarni trakt i renalna funkcija bili su poboljšani ili ostali stabilni u svih bolesnika, kao što je u svih acidibazni status bio normalan. Tri mjeseca postoperativno svi su bolesnici bili kontinentni po danu, dok je 9 bolesnika imalo povremene epizode noćne enureze. Na zadnjem followupu svi su bolesnici bili kontinentni dan i noć, uz povremenu samokateterizaciju svakih 4 do 6 sati. Na urodinamskom ispitivanju (3 mjeseca) funkcionalni kapacitet mjehura iznosio je 310.0±78.31 ml, što je značajno povećanje u odnosu na prijeoperativnu vrijednost od 129.55±56.01 (p<0.0001; t=8,790 unpaired t test). Na zadnjem folowupu funkcionalni je kapacitet mjehura iznosio 502.73±107.14 ml, što je značajno povećanje, kako u odnosu na prijeoperativnu vrijednost, tako i u odnosu na vrijednost kapaciteta nakon tri mjeseca (p<0.0001; t=14.478; odnosno p<0.0001; t=6.812, unpaired t test). Ovaj bi nalaz sugerirao da je potrebno određeno vrijeme (duže od tri mjeseca) da se postigne definitivni uzorak ponašanja augmentiranog mjehura. Augmentacijska je cistoplastika terapijski modalitet kojim se može postići niskotlačni rezervoar, uz veliki kapacitet mjehura, te kontinencija pomoću povremene samokateterizacije.The aim of this study was to estimate efficacy of augmentation cystoplasty in treating patients with clearly defined neurological lesions and consequent neurogenic urinary bladder. The augmentation cystoplasty was performed in 22 patients (21 male and 1 female) with neurogenic bladder dysfunction (14 war spinal cord injuries, 7 spinal cord injuries caused by car accident and 1 transverse myelitis). The augmentation cystoplasty was basically indicated in patients with severe detrusor hyperreflexia and / or poor bladder compliance and with progressive damage of the upper urinary tract despite aggressive pharmacological therapy and intermittent self-catheterization. Clam ileocystoplasty was performed in 20 patients whereas in two patients we used ileocecal segment with continent appendicistomy (Mainz 1). The first postoperative followup included clinical examination and urodynamic evaluation. It was performed 3 months postoperatively and the last followup was not performed until 18 months following surgery. The renal function as well as the upper part of urinary system showed improvement or stayed stable in all patients. An acid-base balance was normal in all of them. Three months following surgery all patients were continent daily, whereas 9 out of 22 patients experienced some episodes of nocturnal enuresis. At the moment of the last followup all 22 patients were continent during 24 hours every day with intermitent self-catheterization every 4-6 hours. Three months postoperatively urodynamic evaluation revealed significant enlargement of functional bladder capacity (310.00±78.31 ml related to preoperative volume of 129.55±56.01 ml; p<0.0001; t=8.790 unpaired t-test). The last followup showed functional bladder capacity of 502.73±107.14 ml; significant enlargement related to either preoperative capacity or capacity measured three months postoperatively (p<0-0001; t=14.478 or p<0.0001; t=6.812, unpaired t-test). These results may suggest a time (more than 3 months) neede to reach a definitive pattern of augmented bladder behavior. Augmentation cystoplasty is a therapeutic modality that should be considered a viable treatment option in selected patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Preparation of a PANI/ZnO Composite for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Blue

Polyaniline/zinc oxide (PANI/ZnO) composite photocatalysts were prepared from neutral media by in situ chemical oxidation of aniline (ANI) in the presence of different amounts of diethylene glycol (DEG). The PANI/ZnO composite photocatalysts were synthesized to efficiently remove organic dye (acid blue, AB25) from model wastewater. The PANI/ZnO composite photocatalysts were studied with the intention of efficient removal of organic dye (acid blue, AB25) from wastewater to obtain low-cost heterogeneous catalysts that offer high catalytic activity and stability. The conductive PANI polymer, which absorbs Vis irradiation, was used in this work as ZnO absorbs only ultraviolet (UV) irradiation ; thus, the composite photocatalysts’ activity was broadened into the Vis region. Characterization of the composite photocatalysts was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, electric conductivity, UV- Vis spectroscopy, and by specific surface area (SBET) measurements. The composites’ photocatalytic activity under solar irradiation was validated by monitoring degradation of the AB25 dye. This study presented that it was possible both to prepare PANI and to prevent ZnO dissolution if in situ polymerization starts from neutral media with the addition of DEG. Additionally, efficient removal of AB25 dye, about 90% in 60 min, was achieved. The first- order rate constants of the photodegradation of AB25 by PANI/ZnO 0.02/0.024/0.04 DEG (and pure ZnO)) were computed to be 0.0272/0.0281/0.0325 (and 0.0062) min−1, indicating that the morphology and surface of the photocatalysts have significantly influenced the catalytic activity

Primary malignant melanoma of female urethra

Primarni maligni melanom ženske mokraćne cijevi vrlo je rijedak i agresivan tumor s lošom prognozom. Prikazali smo slučaj 65-godišnje žene s polipoidnim tumorom na vanjskom ušću mokraćne cijevi. Tumor je lokalno odstranjen i imunohistokemijski je potvrđena dijagnoza malignoga melanoma. Poslije tri mjeseca učinjena je donja uretrektomija. Rub je bio negativan na tumor i bolesnica je živa nakon više od pet godina praćenja.Primary malignant melanoma of the female urethra is a rare tumor with great agressivity and poor prognosis. We reported the case of 65-year-old woman with polypoid tumor on the external meatus of the urethra. Tumor was localy resected, and immunohistochemistry revealed diagnosis of malignant melanoma. After three months distal urethrectomy was performed with tumor-free margin, and the patient is still alive during more than five years follow up period

CANCER PATIENTS FOLLOW-UP – CROATIAN SOCIETY OF MEDICAL ONCOLOGY CLINICAL GUIDELINES Part II: renal cell cancer, urinary bladder cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer

Liječenje onkoloških bolesnika mora se temeljiti na multidisciplinarnom pristupu, a provodi se u specijaliziranim onkološkim centrima. Nakon završetka specifičnog onkološkog liječenja daljnje praćenje uglavnom provode onkolozi, ali je uloga liječnika primarne zdravstvene zaštite (PZZ) sve važnija i potrebno ju je jasno definirati. Trenutačno se većina preporuka za praćenje ne temelji na prospektivnim studijama, već se zasniva na stručnim mišljenjima pojedinih onkoloških centara ili specijalista. Hrvatsko društvo za internističku onkologiju (HDIO) ovim preporukama želi standardizirati i racionalizirati dijagnostičke postupke u praćenju onkoloških bolesnika nakon završetka primarnog liječenja, u bolesnika s ­rakom bubrega, rakom mokraćnog mjehura, rakom prostate i rakom testisa.The treatment of oncological patients must be based upon multidisciplinary approach, and takes place in specialized oncological centers. By the end of a specific oncological treatment further follow-up is being managed mostly by the oncologists, but the role of the general practitioners becomes more important every day and therefore should be precisely defined. Nowadays, most of the existing follow-up guidelines are not based on prospective studies, but on the experts opinion of individual oncological centers or specialists. The aim of the Croatian Society of Medical Oncology (CSMO) with these recommendations is to standardize and rationalize the diagnostic procedures algorithm in the follow–up of ­oncological patients after primary treatment, in patients with renal cell cancer, urinary bladder cancer, prostate cancer and testicular cancer