Using planar transformers in soft switching DC/DC power converters

In recent years, the demand for wide applications of highly regulated, reliable power supplies, and the desire to have smaller size, lighter weight and higher efficiency of power electronics systems has been increased. The tallest and heaviest components on printed-circuit-boards are often magnetic components. The answer for miniaturization and material performance can be planar magnetic technology. This paper focuses on the power planar magnetic circuits, with respect to application possibilities of these alternative and attractive magnetic components in modern, soft switching, low profile power supplies

Experimental Analysis of Communitation Process of Power Semiconductor Transistor’s Structures

The paper deals with testing device designed for experimental examination of processes in power electronics devices during various switching modes is described. Through the use of auxiliary circuits additional switching modes (ZVS, ZCS) are realized except hard switching, and turning-off with reduced current respectively. The device´s advantage is possibility of fine dead time setting, allowing us analyzing the effects of phenomenon noted above, on measurements of commutation losses

Aroma Compounds in Essential Oils: Analyzing Chemical Composition Using Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography–High Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Combined with Chemometrics

Analyzing essential oils is a challenging task for chemists because their composition can vary depending on various factors. The separation potential of volatile compounds using enantioselective two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–HRTOF-MS) with three different stationary phases in the first dimension was evaluated to classify different types of rose essential oils. The results showed that selecting only ten specific compounds was enough for efficient sample classification instead of the initial 100 compounds. The study also investigated the separation efficiencies of three stationary phases in the first dimension: Chirasil-Dex, MEGA-DEX DET—β, and Rt-βDEXsp. Chirasil-Dex had the largest separation factor and separation space, ranging from 47.35% to 56.38%, while Rt-βDEXsp had the smallest, ranging from 23.36% to 26.21%. MEGA-DEX DET—β and Chirasil-Dex allowed group-type separation based on factors such as polarity, H-bonding ability, and polarizability, whereas group-type separation with Rt-βDEXsp was almost imperceptible. The modulation period was 6 s with Chirasil-Dex and 8 s with the other two set-ups. Overall, the study showed that analyzing essential oils using GC×GC–HRTOF-MS with a specific selection of compounds and stationary phase can be effective in classifying different oil types

Analysis of soft switched electronic ballast

One of most perspective light sources are based on principle of electric discharge in gases. Feature of this phenomena is nonlinear impedance characteristic. Ballast interconnected between line and light source adapts requirements of light source to possibilities/requirements of the line. Today solution of modern ballast is based is based upon high frequency switch mode power supply, the cuts many disadvantages of standartd magnetic ballast off. The article describes development of high frequency electronic ballast for linear fluorescent tube in the frame of grant project 1/9025/02 with accent to soft switching. The most important advantages of this solutions are compactness, flicker-free lumen effeciency increase and reduced EMI interferencies.<br /

Multidimensional gas chromatography and its applications in food…

Abstract: This review deals with overview of methods of multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC), the classical meaning-conventional heart-cut MDGC, and the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). MDGC is widely used because it increases required separation effi ciency, which cannot be achieved by one-dimensional gas chromatography. Selected applications in food quality and safety, monitoring of environment, food authentication are summarized. This review summarizes the advances and applications of MDGC that have been published over last 10 years

Comparison of Different Categories of Slovak Tokaj Wines in Terms of Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds

The present work deals with the characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in wines from the Slovak Tokaj wine region. Studied wine samples were divided into three groups—varietal wines from registered Tokaj vine varieties, film wines Tokajské samorodné dry, and naturally sweet botrytized wines Tokaj selections. The VOCs from wines were extracted using optimized solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HRTOF-MS). In total, 176 VOCs were identified in all 46 studied samples. It was found that the total number of VOCs in varietal wines was generally higher than in botrytized wines. All three studied categories showed characteristic VOC profiles with significant differences. Varietal wines were characterized by higher concentrations of esters and terpenoids originating from grapes. The presence of γ-octalactone, (E)-6-methylhept-2-en-4-one, and lack of benzaldehyde were typical for Tokajské samorodné dry. Tokaj selections expressed the highest concentration of diethyl malate, benzaldehyde, and furfurals. Several interesting trends were also observed. The concentration of fermentation products was highest in varietal wines, while long-term matured Tokaj special wines were typified by the presence of compounds related to noble-rotten raisins (2-phenylacetaldehyde, ethyl 2-phenylacetate, and 2-phenylethanol), wood (cis-whisky lactone), and aging (1,1,6-trimethyl-2H-naphthalene, furfural, and 5-methylfurfural)

Scalable Preparation of Enantioenriched (S)-5-methylhept-2-en-4-one. Synthesis and Aroma Properties of Achiral Analogues Thereof

(S)-5-Methylhept-2-en-4-one is a key flavour compound in hazelnuts. We have performed its chiral-pool-based chemoenzymatic synthesis with 39% overall yield (73% ee). The four-step aldol-based sequence avoids the use of highly reactive and/or toxic reagents, does not require anhydrous conditions and uses only distillation as the purification method. Thus, such methodology represents a green and scalable alternative to only two stereoselective approaches towards this natural product known so far. In addition, we have designed and prepared a set of new (di)enones as achiral synthetic analogues of the title compound. The results of their sensory analyses clearly show that relatively minor structural changes of the natural molecule significantly alter its olfactory properties. Thus, simple (poly)methylation completely changes the original hazelnut aroma of (S)-5-methylhept-2-en-4-one and shifts the odour of its analogues to eucalyptus, menthol, camphor, and sweet aroma

Classification of Botrytized Wines Based on Producing Technology Using Flow-Modulated Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

The enantiomeric ratio of chiral compounds is known as a useful tool to estimate wine quality as well as observe an influence of wine-producing technology. The incorporation of flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in this type of analysis provides a possibility to improve the quality of results due to the enhancement of separation capacity and resolution. In this study, flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography was incorporated in enantioselective analysis to determine the influence of winemaking technology on specific features of botrytized wines. The samples included Tokaj essences (high-sugar wines), Tokaj botrytized wines and varietal wines (Furmint, Muscat Lunel, Lipovina) and wines maturated on grape peels. The obtained data was processed with hierarchic cluster analysis to reveal variations in composition and assess classification ability for botrytized wines. A significant difference between the samples was observed for the enantiomeric distribution of ethyl lactate and presence of monoterpene alcohols. The varietal wines were successfully separated from the other types, which showed more similar results and could be divided with additional parameters. We observed a correlation between the botrytized wines and the varietal wines fermented with grape skins. As to the essences produced from juice of botrytized grapes, the results were quite similar to those of the botrytized wines, even though monoterpenes were not detected in the extracts