Analysis on Investment of Small and Medium Entrepreneurship

The article presents the results of the author's analysis and evaluation of investments in small and medium entrepreneurship, the empirical testing of hypotheses about the presence of the differentiation value of investment and the possibility of describing the existing regularities with the use of economic and mathematical models. During models` constructing we used official statistical indicators characterizing the set of small enterprises, medium enterprises and individual entrepreneurs in all regions of the Russian Federation. There are two classes of models describing the volumes of investments accounted, respectively, to one entrepreneurial structure and one employee. Logical and statistical analysis showed that all developed models are approximate well  the original data over the entire range of their changes. It is proved that the volume of investment, both in terms of entrepreneurial structure and one of its employees differs significantly depending on the number of employees of entrepreneurial structures, regions, and economic activities, which specialize in entrepreneurial structures. The developed model and the resulting patterns can be used to solve a wide range of tasks while monitoring business activities, development design and forecasting in this sector of the economy at the federal, regional and municipal levels of management. Keywords: Small and medium enterprises; individual entrepreneurs; investment; economic and mathematical models; regions of the country. JEL Classifications: L26; O1

Assessment of Women’s Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity in 2018

The analysis of the regularities characterizing the existing rate of female early-stage entrepreneurial activity, as well as the identification of reserves for female entrepreneurship growth is relevant nowadays. The purpose of the work is to assess the rates of entrepreneurial activity of women, their motivational preferences, and comparative analysis of female and male early-stage entrepreneurial activities. The study is based on the economic analysis of the data on 48 countries, presented in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report for 2018. Normal distribution density functions are used in the modeling process. The research reveals features of female entrepreneurship and the barriers to its development. The paper defines countries with high and low values of the considered indicators. The study estimates the existing rates of opportunity and necessity motivation of female entrepreneurs, presents the analysis of the ratio of female to male participation in early- stage entrepreneurial activity, and proves the hypothesis on substantial differentiation of these indicators across countries. The obtained knowledge can be used in future scientific research, in the educational process of bachelors and masters training. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the distribution of indicators characterizing female entrepreneurs’ motivation and the existing gender gap in early-stage entrepreneurship. The study proposes new methods and tools for the analysis and presents a comparative analysis of the development of female and male early-stage entrepreneurship

Особенности современной семьи: модель взаимоотношений в России и мире

Modern society is currently undergoing the stage of transition. Such a change has an impact on all social institutions, including the family and family-marital relations. People are becoming increasingly liberated and independent. This affects marital relations, which are currently being built according to new paradigms associated with greater responsibility for oneself and less for the partner. All these are new phenomena of our social reality, requiring a new understanding and development of new social practice. To validly disclose the features of the modern model of family relations, we will build our considerations in line with evolutionary, functional, empirical and interactionist approaches, based on the assertion that the family is, first of all, a small social group, where each partner has their own, often opposing, interests, and which at the same time acts as an integral social system.Современное общество в настоящее время переживает переходный этап. Такое изменение оказывает влияние на все социальные институты, включая семью и семейно-брачные отношения. Люди становятся все более раскрепощенными и независимыми. Это сказывается на супружеских отношениях, которые в настоящее время строятся в соответствии с новыми парадигмами, связанными с большей ответственностью за себя и меньшей степени за партнера. Все это - новые явления нашей социальной реальности, требующие нового понимания и развития новой социальной практики. Чтобы достоверно раскрыть особенности современной модели семейных отношений, мы строим наши рассуждения в русле эволюционного, функционального, эмпирического и интеракционистского подходов, основанных на утверждении, что семья — это прежде всего небольшая социальная группа, где каждый партнер имеет свои, часто противоположные, интересы и которая в то же время выступает как целостная социальная система

The age structure of the scientific and pedagogical staff: data from the regions of Russia

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the indicators characterizing the age structure of the scientific and pedagogical staff of universities and other higher educational institutions in the regions of Russia. In the course of the work, the indicators characterizing the specific weights of teachers belonging to five age groups from 25 to 34 years, from 35 to 44 years, from 45 to 54 years, from 55 to 64 years and over 65 years in the total number of teachers working in higher education institutes were evaluated. The study used official statistical information for 82 regions of Russia. We used the density functions of the normal distribution as models. The results of the research allowed us to draw conclusions: the largest number (more than a quarter) of teachers was observed in the group from 35 to 44 years; 24% of teachers were aged from 45 to 54 years; 20% of teachers were slightly older. The least number of teachers was observed in the age groups over 65 years and from 25 to 34 years. The proposed methodological approach and the results obtained have originality and scientific novelty, since the assessment of regional features of the age structure of scientific and pedagogical personnel in the regions of Russia has not been carried out before.O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar indicadores que caracterizam a estrutura etária do pessoal científico e pedagógico de universidades e outras instituições de ensino superior nas regiões da Rússia. Durante o trabalho foram avaliados indicadores de gravidade específica de professores, pertencentes a cinco grupos etários de 25 a 34 anos, 35 a 44 anos, 45 a 54 anos, 55 a 64 anos e 65 anos ou mais, o número total de professores que trabalham em instituições de ensino superior. O estudo utilizou informaçõesestatísticas oficiais sobre 82 regiões da Rússia. Usamos funções de densidade de distribuição normal como modelos. Os resultados da pesquisa nos permitiram tirar conclusões: a maior quantidade (mais de um quarto) dos professores foi observada no grupo de 35 a 44 anos; 24% dos professores tinham idade entre 45 e 54 anos; 20% dos professores eram um pouco mais velhos. O menor número de professores foi observado nas faixas etárias acima de 65 anos e entre 25 e 34 anos. A proposta de abordagem metodológica e os resultados obtidos têm originalidade e novidade científica, como a avaliação das características regionais da estrutura etária científico-pedagógicas de quadros em regiões anteriormente não foi realizada.El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar los indicadores que caracterizan la estructura de edad del personal científico y pedagógico de las universidades y otras instituciones de educación superior en las regiones de Rusia. Se evaluaron los indicadores relativos a la proporción de profesores pertenecientes a cinco grupos de edad, de 25 a 34 años, de 35 a 44 años, de 45 a 54 años, de 55 a 64 años y mayores de 65 años, en el número total de profesores que trabajan en instituciones de educación superior. El estudio utilizó información Estadística oficial sobre 82 regiones de Rusia. Utilizamos las funciones de densidad de distribución normal como modelos. Los resultados del estudio nos permitieron sacarconclusiones: el mayor número (más de una cuarta parte) de maestros se observó en el grupo de 35 a 44 años; el 24% de los maestros tenían entre 45 y 54 años; el 20% de los maestros eran un poco mayores. El menor número de maestros se observó en los gruposde edad mayores de 65 años y de 25 a 34 años. El enfoque metodológico propuesto y los resultados obtenidos tienen originalidad y novedad científica, ya que la evaluación de las características regionales de la estructura de edad del personal científico y pedagógico en las regiones de Rusia no se ha llevado a cabo previament

The program of support of small enterprises: data for Russia

The aim of research was to study the features of support for small enterprises specialized in various types of economic activity in Russia. The specific weights of the number of recipients of support in the total number of small enterprises in 14 sectors, as well as the structure of support in five main forms are determined. Official empirical data for 2015 were used as initial data. It is shown that support is provided to 2% of all small enterprises. At the same time, the main direction is financial support, and the highest level of support is noted in agriculture.&nbsp

Territorial features of the development of higher education in Russia

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the indicators characterizing the presence of higher education organizations in the regions of Russia, as well as the proportion of students in the total population of each of the regions. The study used as initial information official statistical data on the development of higher education in 82 regions of Russia in 2020, as well as information on the population in each of the regions. We have developed econometric models that describe the distribution of access to higher education in the regions. The study allowed us to estimate the number of higher education organizations per one million residents and the share of students in the population of the regions. The regions with the maximum and minimum values of the considered indicators were identified. It is shown that higher education has received significant development in Russia.O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar indicadores que caracterizam a presença de organizações de ensino superior nas regiões da Rússia, bem como a proporção de estudantes na população total de cada uma das regiões. O estudo utilizou estatísticas oficiais sobre o desenvolvimento do ensino superior em 82 regiões da Rússia em 2020, bem como informações sobre o tamanho da população em cada uma das regiões, como informação inicial. Desenvolvemos modelos econométricos descrevendo a distribuição do acesso ao ensino superior nas regiões. O estudo estimou o número de organizações de ensino superior por milhão de habitantes e a proporção de estudantes na população das regiões. Regiões com valores máximo e mínimo dos indicadores considerados foram identificadas. É mostrado que o ensino superior recebeu um desenvolvimento significativo na Rússia.El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar los indicadores que caracterizan la presencia de organizaciones de educación superior en las regiones de Rusia, así como la proporción de estudiantes en la población total de cada una de las regiones. El estudio utilizó estadísticas oficiales sobre el desarrollo de la educación superior en 82 regiones de Rusia en 2020, así como información sobre el Tamaño de la población en cada una de las regiones, como información de referencia. Hemos desarrollado modelos econométricos que describen la distribución del acceso a la educación superior en las regiones. El estudio permitió estimar el número de organizaciones de educación superior por millón de habitantes y la proporción de estudiantes en la población de las regiones. Se identificaron las regiones con valores máximos y mínimos de los indicadores considerados. Se muestra que la educación superior ha recibido un desarrollo significativo en Rusia

Structure of Small and Medium-Sized Business: Results of Total Statistic Observations in Russia

The aim of the research is estimation of regularities and tendencies, characteristic for modern sectoral structure of small and mediumsized business in Russia. The subject of the research is a set of processes of structural changes on the types of economic activities of such enterprises, as well as the differentiation of the number of employees in enterprises. The research methodology included consideration of aggregates of subjects of small and medium-sized business, formed according to sectoral and territorial features. As the initial data used the official statistical information, which was obtain in the course of total observation of the activities of small and medium-sized businesses in 2010 and 2015. The study was conducted on indicators characterizing the full range of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the country. The materiality of structural changes was carried out on the basis of the Ryabtsev index. Modeling the differentiation of the values of the number of employees per enterprise was based on the development of density normal distribution functions. According to the hypothesis it is assumed that the differentiation of the number of employees working in enterprises depend on six main types of economic activity and on the subjects of Russia. Based on the results of the study was proved that there are no significant structural changes for the period from 2010 to 2015, both in terms of the number of enterprises and the number of their employees. Based on the results of the simulation, the average values of the number of employees for the six main types of activity were established, as well as the intervals for changing these indicators for the aggregates of small and medium-sized enterprises located in the majority of the country's subjects. The results of research can be used in the performance of scientific works related to the justification of the expected number and number of employees of enterprises, the formation of measures to improve the efficiency of the business sector. The practical significance of the research results is related to the possibility of using them directly by entrepreneurs (especially beginners) when assessing the possibilities for setting up enterprises and determining the estimated number of employees. Further research in this area, using detailed data from official municipal statistic will improve our understanding of distribution number of employees among sectors of small and medium-sized business and will help to draw practical conclusions

The Role of Small and Medium Entrepreneurship in the Economy of Russia

Small and medium entrepreneurship is an important factor in the development and transformation of the Russian economy. Taking this into account, the study of the current employment structure in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is topical. The subject of study is the role of SMEs in the modern Russian economy and the potential for its increase. The aim of the research was to assess the patterns existing sectoral and regional structure of employment in SMEs including individual entrepreneurs. The study was based on official statistical data all SMEs in Russia for 2015. For modeling we used functions of normal distribution, quality of approximation empirical data by these functions was analyzed by tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson, and ShapiroVilk. The hypothesis of research - presence significant differentiation of indicators characterizing the share of SMEs employees by regions in the total number of employed population, as well for types of economic activity. Based on the results of the research hypothesis was confirmed. Trade, manufacturing and real estate operations accounted for the largest share in the total number of SMEs employees. SMEs did not play significant role in fishing and fish farming, mining, education, healthcare, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water, as well as financial sectors. The presence of SMEs development significant reserves in Russia is proved. Identified regions with high and low entrepreneurial climate. The methodology and tools that were used in the research can be applied to similar studies for countries with a significant number of territorial (administrative) units. Government, regional and municipal authorities may use the research results in the practice of formation and implementation of entrepreneurship development projects and programs, including those with the aim to increase its role in the regions and municipalities where SMEs is not sufficiently developed

Assessment of Women’s Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity in 2018

The analysis of the regularities characterizing the existing rate of female early-stage entrepreneurial activity, as well as the identification of reserves for female entrepreneurship growth is relevant nowadays. The purpose of the work is to assess the rates of entrepreneurial activity of women, their motivational preferences, and comparative analysis of female and male early-stage entrepreneurial activities. The study is based on the economic analysis of the data on 48 countries, presented in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report for 2018. Normal distribution density functions are used in the modeling process. The research reveals features of female entrepreneurship and the barriers to its development. The paper defines countries with high and low values of the considered indicators. The study estimates the existing rates of opportunity and necessity motivation of female entrepreneurs, presents the analysis of the ratio of female to male participation in early- stage entrepreneurial activity, and proves the hypothesis on substantial differentiation of these indicators across countries. The obtained knowledge can be used in future scientific research, in the educational process of bachelors and masters training. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the distribution of indicators characterizing female entrepreneurs’ motivation and the existing gender gap in early-stage entrepreneurship. The study proposes new methods and tools for the analysis and presents a comparative analysis of the development of female and male early-stage entrepreneurship