Association between Total Antioxidant Capacity in Breast Milk and Postnatal Age in Days in Premature Infants

This study aimed to consider the significance of breast milk in preventing oxidative stress by comparing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in breast milk and formula milk for premature infants, demonstrating the relationship between TAC in breast milk and postnatal age in days. We used the biological anti-oxidant potential test, a new method to measure TAC in breast milk. Breast milk for premature infants were stored at −20°C and thawed within 48 h of collection. We measured TAC in two types of formula milk in the same way. TAC was clearly higher in breast milk than formula milk. Although a negative correlation was observed between TAC in breast milk and age when collected, TAC was always higher than the average TAC in formula milk. TAC in breast milk is higher than TAC in formula milk. We suggest the importance of breast milk for preventing oxidative stress and starting breastfeeding early

Study on the Reaction between Aluminum and Aluminum Trifluoride

The disproportionation reaction of aluminum and its halides was studied by means of a differential thermal analysis at reduced pressure in the temperature range of 1, 250°to 1, 330°K. The reaction proceeded through the formation of aluminum monofluoride by the direct liquid aluminum and solid aluminum trifluoride reaction. The aluminum monofluoride pressure versus temperature was determined by the following equation : 2 Al_&lt(1)>+AlF_=AlF_ logP_=-11, 270/T+10.267 Thermodynanic consideration was also attempted for the above reaction

Regulation of energy metabolism by interleukin-1 β, but not by interleukin-6, is mediated by nitric oxide in primary cultured rat hepatocytes

AbstractThe effects of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) on energy metabolism were studied in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Adenine nucleotide (ATP, ADP, and AMP) content, lactate production, the ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/β-hydroxybutyrate) reflecting the liver mitochondrial redox state (NAD+/NADH), and nitric oxide formation were measured. Insulin increased ATP content in hepatocytes and had a maximal effect after 8–12 h of culture. Both interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-α, significantly inhibited the ATP increase time- and dose-dependently. Interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 also stimulated lactate production. During the same period, interleukin-1 β but not interleukin-6 decreased the ketone body ratio. Furthermore, interleukin-1 β markedly stimulated nitric oxide formation in hepatocytes, and this increase was blocked by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) and by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. NG-monomethyl-l-arginine reversed inhibition of the ATP increase, decrease in the ketone body ratio, and increase in lactate production, which were induced by interleukin-lβ. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist completely abolished all of the effects induced by interleukin-1 β. These results demonstrated that interleukin-1 β and interleukin-6 affect the insulin-induced energy metabolism in rat hepatocytes by different mechanisms. Specifically, interleukin-1 β inhibits ATP synthesis by causing the mitochondrial dysfunction, a process which may be mediated by nitric oxide

Trials for Risk Assessment of Japanese Encephalitis Based on Serologic Surveys of Wild Animals

Flavivirus Encephaliti

動物種により異なる腸管におけるヒスタミン応答

In order to study about agonist/antagonist by using acetylcholine (ACh), atropine (Atr), and histamine (His) on excised small intestine, guinea pig has been generally used as experimental animal. The present study measured intestinal contraction by ACh/Atr/His on mice and discussed the possibility of replacement of experimental animal from guinea pigs to mice. Contraction by His on mice could be obtained only at the lower part of mice ileum. So, at the present, it might be not good to use mice for this experiment

Detection of the Onset of Ischemia and Carcinogenesis by Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor-Based In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging

An animal model for the early detection of common fatal diseases such as ischemic diseases and cancer is desirable for the development of new drugs and treatment strategies. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that regulates oxygen homeostasis and plays key roles in a number of diseases, including cancer. Here, we established transgenic (Tg) mice that carry HRE/ODD-luciferase (HOL) gene, which generates bioluminescence in an HIF-1-dependent manner and was successfully used in this study to monitor HIF-1 activity in ischemic tissues. To monitor carcinogenesis in vivo, we mated HOL mice with rasH2 Tg mice, which are highly sensitive to carcinogens and are used for short-term carcinogenicity assessments. After rasH2-HOL Tg mice were treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, bioluminescence was detected noninvasively as early as 9 weeks in tissues that contained papillomas and malignant lesions. These results suggest that the Tg mouse lines we established hold significant potential for monitoring the early onset of both ischemia and carcinogenesis and that these lines will be useful for screening chemicals for carcinogenic potential

Filarial nematodes belonging to the superorders Diplotriaenoidea and Aproctoidea from wild and captive birds in Japan

Eight species of filarial nematodes of the superorders Diplotriaenoidea and Aproctoidea were collected from the lung, air sac, abdominal cavity, and subdermal layer of the neck of wild and captive birds in Japan. The species of the filarial nematodes were identified as Diplotriaena bargusinica, D. henryi, Serratospiculum kwangsiensis, S. tendo, Hamatospiculum accipitris, H. cylindricum, H. quadridens, and Lissonema noctuae based on morphometry and pathogenicity. D. henryi from Poecile varius, H. accipitris from Accipiter gentilis, H. cylindricum from Lanius bucephalus and H. quadridens from Otus flammeolus represent the first host records worldwide. Moreover, D. henryi, S. kwangsiensis, H. cylindricum, and L. noctuae were the first geographical records from Japan

Longitudinal association among endothelial function, arterial stiffness and subclinical organ damage in hypertension

Objectives: To examine the longitudinal mutual association between endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness, and also to determine which of the two variables was more closely associated with the progression of subclinical organ damage. Methods: The brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), estimated glomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria and flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery (FMD) were measured three times at 1.5-year intervals in 674 Japanese patients receiving antihypertensive treatment. Results: The change of the baPWV during the study period was larger in the subjects with baseline FMD values in the lowest tertile as compared to those with baseline FMD values in the highest tertile. The change of the CIMT was smaller in the subjects with baseline baPWV values in the lowest tertile than in those with baseline baPWV values in the highest tertile. After the adjustment, the FMD value at the baseline was inversely associated with the baPWV at the end of the study period (beta = − 0.07, p = 0.01), although, the reverse association was not significant. The baPWV, but not the FMD value, at the baseline was associated with the CIMT (beta = 0.06, p = 0.04) measured at the end of the study period. Conclusions: In hypertension, endothelial dysfunction was associated with the progression of arterial stiffness, although the reverse association was not confirmed. The increased arterial stiffness rather than endothelial dysfunction may be more closely associated with the progression of atherosclerotic vascular damage, and the endothelial dysfunction-arterial stiffness-atherosclerosis continuum may be important in hypertension

Reduced reactive hyperemia of the brachial artery in diabetic patients assessed by repeated measurements : The FMD-J B study

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of microvascular dysfunction. However, its effect on blood flow patterns during ischemic demand has not been adequately elucidated. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that microvascular dysfunction in patients with T2DM manifests as brachial reactive hyperemia (BRH), defined as the ratio of peak blood flow velocities in a brachial artery before and after forearm cuff occlusion. The study enrolled 943 subjects (men, n = 152 [T2DM] and n = 371 [non-T2DM]; women, n = 107 [T2DM] and n = 313 [non-T2DM], respectively) with no history of cardiovascular disease. Semiautomatic measurements were obtained three times at 1.5-year intervals to confirm the reproducibility of factors involved in BRH for each sex. An age-adjusted mixed model demonstrated attenuated BRH in the presence of T2DM in both men (p = 0.022) and women (p = 0.031) throughout the study period. Post hoc analysis showed that the estimated BRH was significantly attenuated in patients with T2DM regardless of sex, except at baseline in women. In multivariate regression analysis, T2DM was a negative predictor of BRH at every measurement in men. For women, BRH was more strongly associated with alcohol consumption. Repeated measurements analysis revealed that T2DM was associated with attenuated postocclusion reactive hyperemia