23 research outputs found
What is the literal meaning of a sentence?
In this paper, Katz and Searle's controversy over literal meaning will be discussed in the light of relevance theory. Although their notions are drastically different, these notions have their places in utterance interpretation processes and there is no point in deciding whose notion is right. Katz's notion can be characterised as a relevance notion logical form which is an output of the hearer's knowledge of grammar, while Searle's, propositional form, which is a contextually enriched logical form. 1 will introduce a relevance notion literal interpretation which can not only be contrasted with figurative use, but also with non-figurative loose use (e.g. France is hexagonai)
Semantics and pragmatics of hedges in English and Japanese
Hedges are expressions used to communicate the speaker's weak commitment to
information conveyed; i.e. by hedging, speakers may moderate the assertive force of
their utterances. They include sentence adverbials such as probably and technically,
adjectives such as regular and typical, particles such as ne and kedo in Japanese etc.
Hedges crosscut parts of speech and therefore do not form a natural syntactic class.
This thesis argues that existing analyses of hedging devices fall short of full
adequacy and presents a Relevance-theoretic account.
In Chapter 1, I argue that hedging is a pragmatic phenomenon as the effect may be
derived via features of the ostensive stimulus other than encoded linguistic content;
e.g. the speaker can communicate her weak commitment by using certain prosodic
features, facial expressions, shoulder shrugging etc. Discussions of hedging often
arise in sociolinguistic contexts. However, I argue that the moderation of social
relations such as the consideration of politeness is not its intrinsic function. The
inadequacy of existing analyses I point out in Chapter 1 is due to the lack of a
sufficiently articulated pragmatic framework, and for this reason, I turn to Relevance
theory.
In Chapter 2, I outline Relevance theory which provides a cognitively based
explanation of communication. The theory makes rigorous distinctions between
encoded meaning and inferred meaning, between the explicit and implicit content of
an utterance, between descriptive and interpretive representations, etc. which provide
the concepts necessary to isolate the semantics of the hedging devices as I explain in
Chapters 3 and 4.
In Chapter 3 and 4, I propose Relevance-theoretic analyses of particular English and
Japanese expressions, which appear regularly in the literature on hedging. I try to
capture the intrinsic semantic content of these elements and show how the familiar
hedging effects arise as a result of the interaction between this encoded content, the
particularities of context and considerations of relevance
Psychology in Foreign Language Teaching
In this essay, I am going to discuss the two main ideas which foreign language teaching is based on. Also, I shall examine their applicability to foreign language teaching