Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Brachiaria Grass from Immature Inflorescence Explants

This research was aimed to optimize concentration of phytohormone in callus induction and in vitro regeneration of three species of Brachiaria grass plant, namely Brachiaria brizantha, B. decumbens, and B. ruziziensis. Immature inflorescences were used as explant material. To induce callus, explants were inoculated into Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with phytohormone combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dicamba and kinetin. Observation of callus induction included percentage of callus formation and callus morphology. The embryogenic calli were then transferred into regeneration media, i.e. MS basal medium supplemented with kinetin and 6-benzylaminopurin (BAP). The result showed that 4 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.2 mg/L kinetin showed highest callus induction in B. brizantha and B. decumbens, namely  76%  and 88% respectively. Whereas in B. ruziziensis, 3 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.2 mg/L kinetin showed highest callus induction, namely 86%. MS medium supplemented with 4 mg/L kinetin showed highest regeneration in all three grass species, namely 92.5% in both B. brizantha and B. ruziziensis, and 88.75% in B. decumbens

Government Responsibilities Related to Converting Forest Functions to Agricultural Land (Study in Batu Malang City)

The transfer of the function of a forest area is a change in the function of a forest that can cause environmental damage resulting from human actions. Humans in exploiting excessive natural resources can cause a change in an ecosystem that will affect environmental sustainability. Based on the policies and authorities granted by law based on the principle of regional autonomy, local governments are given the authority to regulate and manage natural resources including the forestry sector in the form of policies. The research problem examines the extent of the government's role and the illegal conversion of forestry land into housing and agriculture. This study uses an empirical juridical research method using an approach by looking at the reality that exists in practice in the field or going directly to the field to conduct research in Tulungrejo Bumiaji Village, Batu City. The government's role in the conversion of forest functions is needed to preserve the environment and protect forest ecosystems. Not only that, with government policies that accommodate the needs and desires of the people, the government needs to make future activities and plans transparent to the community regarding the activities that will be carried out. Not necessarily, the government is obliged to look at the needs of the community

EMBRIOGENESIS SOMATIK DAN REGENERASI RUMPUT Brachiaria decumbens SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS AND REGENERATION OF Brachiaria decumbens GRASS

Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi konsentrasi fitohormon pada kultur in vitro tanaman rumput pakan tropis Brachiaria decumbens. Bakal rangkaian bunga (immature inflorescence) digunakan sebagai bahan eksplan. Induksi kalus dilakukan dengan menempatkan eksplan pada medium basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) yang ditambah dengan kombinasi fitohormon 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D), dicamba dan kinetin. Data pengamatan induksi kalus meliputi persentase pembentukan kalus dan morfologi kalus. Kalus yang embriogenik kemudian dipindah ke dalam medium regenerasi yang berupa medium basal MS ditambah dengan fitohormon kinetin dan 6-benzylaminopurin (BAP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi 2,4-D 4 mg/L + kinetin 0,2 mg/L menunjukkan konsentrasi optimal untuk induksi kalus yaitu 90 % pembentukan kalus embriogenik. Sedangkan untuk regenerasi, medium MS yang ditambah dengan 4 mg/L kinetin menunjukkan germinasi embrio somatik yang tertinggi yaitu 87 %. Kata kunci: Brachiaria decumbens, Rumput, Optimasi kultur, Embriogenesis somatik, Regeneras