The Congress of the People and Freedom Charter: A People’s History

No Abstract

Terrorism, public policy and democracy in South Africa

The democratic government of South Africa, after 1994, formulated a new official policy on terrorism. Stemming from this policy it undertook an overall review of security legislation, and promulgated a comprehensive counter-terrorism law, namely, the Protection of Constitutional Democracy against Terrorist and Related Activities Act, 2004 (Act No 33 of 2004). The legislative process took an entire decade to conclude and was met with stiff opposition from human rights and civil society groupings. The critical engagement between legislators and organs of civil society ensured that a delicate balance was struck in legislation between respect for human rights and civil liberties and the effective prevention and combating of terrorism

GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUE USING STONE COLUMN

An increasing activityof building construction process in many areas such a week soil in ground base. Present day value of land is increasing continually so scarcity of land occur. It is actual hard to provide base foundation for minimal sites. Also liquefaction is the major causes of adjacent spreading, failures of embankments, ports, harbors, bridge foundation and industrial building foundations during earthquakes.so it is exciting job for geo technical engineer to afford innocuous or stable foundation. Ground improvement is one of the process for increasing shear strength of soil, decrease soil absorbency and compressibility in geo-technical engineering. For small structure like buttresses, industries, embankments etc. stone columns is economical procedure which is tolerates. Approximate settlements in compressible and adequate grade of soil. It is required to improve ground condition for growing force bearing capacity for very soft and incompetent soil. Soil improvement method is be subject to soil type, available time and realistic load. A uneven soil in ground if increase the strength for use reinforcing material provides by two methods are compaction and addition of various type of materials. Refining strengths of loose soil we are exhausting method of stone columns.by the using stones columns improve soil strength of unconfined cohesive soil. It is use for decrees the effect of pore water gravity. In may increase the complex stiffness as relate tosoilThis process most difficult task is distribution the load in among soil and columns. It may use raft and small building foundation. Performance of multiple set of stones columns studies for adjacent distortion, stress concertation aspect and stress clearance