AN INVESTIGATIONAL RESEARCH ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MANAGER‘S ROLE IN TRAINING PROGRAMS AND TRAINING TRANSFER IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICE IN MALAYSIA

This research was designed to investigate the correlation between manager‘s role andtraining transfer. A survey method was employed to gather 427 usable questionnaires fromgovernment servants in a local government office in Malaysia. The outcome of stepwise regressionstudy showed four important findings: firstly, support is insignificantly correlated with trainingtransfer. Secondly, communication is significantly correlated with training transfer. Thirdly,assignment is insignificantly correlated with training transfer. Fourthly, delivery mode issignificantly correlated with training transfer. The statistical value of this research shows thatcommunication and delivery mode have played important roles as determinants of training transfer,but support and assignment have not played important roles as determinants of training transfer inthe organizational sample. In this paper, discussions, propositions and conclusions are elaborated.Keywords: Manager‘s role, training transfer, local government office in MalaysiaJEL codes:M12

Analysis of 14 genetic polymorphisms for risk factors in Malaysian essential hypertension with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects

Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the association of insertion/deletion (I/D), G2350A and T3892C polymorphisms of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, A20C and A6G polymorphism of angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, BglI and MboI polymorphisms of renin gene, I/D of alpha 2B adrenoceptor gene, Gly460Trp of aldosterone synthase gene, Lys173Arg of adducin gene, A6244G polymorphism of the insulin receptor gene, S477X polymorphism of the lipoprotein lipase gene, C511T polymorphism of the interleukin gene and C825T polymorphism of the G protein beta 3 subunit (GNβ3) gene in essential hypertension (EHT) with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of Malaysian subjects. Methods This cross-sectional study includes 70 EHT without T2DM, 65 EHT with T2DM and 75 unrelated healthy control subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism, mutagenically PCR and the hot-start PCR methods were carried out to detect the genotypes of the various genetic polymorphisms. All the PCR products and the restricted fragments were resolved electrophoretically on agarose and polyacrylamide gels. Statistical analyses was done using SPPS version 14.0. Results Among the 14 genetic polymorphisms, only I/D and G2350A polymorphism of ACE gene, I/D polymorphism of alpha adrenoceptor gene and A6G variant of AGT gene differed significantly (p0.05) when compared to control subjects. Conclusions The alleles of I/D and G2350A polymorphisms of ACE, A6G of AGT and I/D of alpha 2B adrenoceptor genes can be considered as possible genetic markers or predisposing risk factors for EHT with or without T2DM in Malaysian subjects

No association of BgII dimorphism of human renin gene in hypertensive subjects in Malaysia.

The presence of a dimorphic BglI site in the first intron of the Renin (REN) gene is an increased risk in essential hypertension. Several studies have found the association between BglI dimorphism and essential hypertension with conflicting results in various populations, which might be due to ethnic and geographical variations. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between the BglI dimorphism of REN gene and Essential Hypertension (EHT) with or without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Malaysian subjects. The study includes 70 EHT, 60 EHT with T2DM and 70 unrelated healthy subjects from the three ethnic groups of Malaysian Subjects. The genotype of BglI dimorphism was done by PCR-RFLP method using BglI restriction enzyme. The frequency of the BglI (+) allele was 37.86% in EHT, 40.83% in EHT with T2DM subjects and 35.71% in control subjects. The results of this study indicate that the BglI (+) allele of REN gene is not associated with essential hypertension with or without T2DM in Malaysian Subjects

Analysis of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system gene polymorphisms in malaysian essential hypertensive and type 2 diabetic subjects

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in regulating the blood pressure and the genetic polymorphisms of RAAS genes has been extensively studied in relation to the cardiovascular diseases in various populations with conflicting results. The aim of this study was to determine the association of five genetic polymorphisms (A6G and A20C of angiotensinogen (AGT), <it>MboI </it>of renin, Gly460Trp of aldosterone synthase and Lys173Arg of adducin) of RAAS genes in Malaysian essential hypertensive and type 2 diabetic subjects.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>RAAS gene polymorphisms were determined using mutagenically separated PCR and PCR-RFLP method in a total of 270 subjects consisting of 70 hypertensive subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 60 T2DM, 65 hypertensive subjects with T2DM and 75 control subjects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There was significant difference found in age, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between the hypertensive subjects with or without T2DM and control subjects. No statistically significant differences between groups were found in the allele frequency and genotype distribution for A20C variant of AGT gene, <it>MboI </it>of renin, Gly460Trp of aldosterone and Lys173Arg of adducin (p > 0.05). However, the results for A6G of AGT gene revealed significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies in essential hypertension with or without T2DM (p < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Among the five polymorphisms of RAAS genes only A6G variant of AGT gene was significantly associated in Malaysian essential hypertensive and type 2 diabetic subjects. Therefore, A6G polymorphism of the AGT gene could be a potential genetic marker for increased susceptibility to essential hypertension with or without T2DMin Malaysian subjects.</p

PERFORMANCE BASED PAY AS A DETERMINANT OF JOB SATISFACTION: A STUDY IN MALAYSIA GIATMARA CENTERS

Compensation management literature highlights that performance based pay has two major characteristics: participation in pay systems and adequacy of pay. The ability of management to properly implement such pay systems may lead to increased job satisfaction in organizations. Though, the nature of this relationship is interesting, little is known about the influence of performance based pay on job satisfaction in compensation management literature. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between pay for performance and job satisfaction in Malaysian GIATMARA centers. The results of exploratory factor analysis confirmed that measurement scales used in this study satisfactorily met the standards of validity and reliability analyses. An outcome of stepwise regression analysis shows that determinant of job satisfaction is performance based pay. Further, this result confirms that pay for performance is an important antecedent for job satisfaction in the studied organizations.Pay for Performance, Job Satisfaction, Malaysian GIATMARA centers.

Tax fraud indicators / Rohaya Md Noor … [et al.]

This paper examines data of companies subjected to tax investigation during the tax years of 2001 to 2005 to detect the financial ratio associated with tax evasion. Using the financial ratio analysis, the objective of this study is to investigate the possible indicators of fraudulent financial reporting for tax evasion. Six financial ratios applied to a final sample of 73 companies. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques are used to identify the indicators of fraud financial reporting. Based on the ordinary least square model, this study provides empirical evidence that the ratio of sales, working capital and debts over total assets, are significantly associated with the companies’ tax evasion. Hence, the findings imply that these ratios can be used by tax offices in their investigation as a predictor of fraud financial reporting for tax evasion purposes. The results therefore demonstrate that the findings could be of assistance to tax authorities in their effort to identify the possibility of tax evasion

Association of Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of Alpha-Adrenoceptor Gene in Essential Hypertension with or without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Malaysian Subjects

An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of Alpha2B-Adrenoceptor (ADRA2B) gene located on chromosome 2 has been studied extensively in related to cardiovascular diseases. The main aim of the present study was to examine the potential association of D allele frequency of I/D polymorphism of ADRA2B gene in Malaysian essential hypertensive subjects with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study includes 70 hypertensive subjects without T2DM, 65 hypertensive subjects with T2DM and 75 healthy volunteers as control subjects. Genotyping of I/D polymorphism was performed by conventional PCR method. There was significant difference found in age, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure and high density lipoprotein cholesterol level between the case and control subjects. DD genotypic frequency of I/D polymorphism was significantly higher in hypertensive subjects (42.84% vs. 29.33%; P­=0.029) and in hypertensive with T2DM subjects (46.15% vs. 29.33%; P=0.046) than control group. D allele frequency was higher in hypertensive group (67.41%) than control subjects (52.67%). However, no significant difference was found between the three genotypes of I/D polymorphism of ADRA2B gene and the clinical characteristics of the subjects. The result obtained in this study show D allele of ADRA2B gene was associated with essential hypertension with or without T2DM in Malaysian subjects

Analysis of three genetic polymorphisms in Malaysian essential hypertensive and type 2 diabetic subjects

Genetic polymorphisms were associated with an increase in the risk of developing disease and they are integral to the development of genetic marker to identify the individuals at risk. The genotypic distribution of various genetic polymorphisms involved in essential hypertension (EHT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Malaysian subjects has not been well characterized. The main objective of this study was to determine the association of S477X polymorphism of LPL gene, A6244G polymorphism of IRS-1 gene and C825T polymorphism of GN 3 gene with EHT and T2DM in Malaysian subjects. This study includes 70 EHT, 60 T2DM, 65 EHT with T2DM and 75 control subjects. Genotyping of all the three polymorphisms was performed by PCR-RFLP method with the respective primers and restriction enzymes. The genotypic and allelic frequencies of the respective polymorphisms of the genes did not differ significantly (p&gt;0.05) with EHT and T2DM in Malaysian subjects. The results of this study suggested that, S477X genotypes of LPL gene, A6244G genotypes of IRS-1 gene and C825T genotypes of GN 3 gene was not associated with EHT and T2DM in Malaysian subjects

C-511T polymorphism of interleukin-1 β gene is not associated in type 2 diabetes mellitus - a study in Malaysian population.

The objective of this study is to determine the association between the C-511T polymorphism of Interleukin -1 β gene in T2DM with or without hypertension in Malaysian population. A total of 175 subjects were recruited for this study. Genotyping of C-511T variant was performed by Hot-start PCR-RFLP analysis. The frequency for CC, TC and TT genotypes of C-511T variant in IL-1 β gene was 25.45, 40 and 34.55% in T2DM 25, 51.67 and 23.33% in T2DM with hypertension and 21.66, 36.67 and 41.67% respectively found in controls (p>0.05). This study suggests that there was no significant difference in the genotypic distribution of C-511T polymorphism of IL-1 β gene between T2DM and controls. Therefore, C-511T variant in IL-1 β gene polymorphism is not considered an independent risk factor or not a predictor for T2DM in Malaysian population

Association of G2350A polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysian subjects.

The objective of this study was to determine the association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) G2350A polymorphism in Essential Hypertension (EHT) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Malaysian subjects. A total of 265 samples have been recruited for this study. In order to amplify the 122 bp of G2350A variant of ACE gene, genomic DNA was amplified using Hot-start Polymerase-Chain Reaction (PCR) and the PCR products was digested with BstuI restriction enzyme to produce 103 and 19 bp when A is at position 2350. The subjects were ranged from 30 to 84 years old witi mean age of 51.84 years. The frequency for GG, GA and AA genotypes of ACE gene was 41.43, 48.57 and 10% in EHT, 46.67, 36.67 and 16.66% in T2DM, 32.31, 53.85 and 13.84% in T2DM with EHT compared to 61.43, 35.71 and 2.86% of control subjects respectively. The frequency for A allele of G2350A polymorphism was 34.29% in EHT, 35.00% in T2DM, 40.77% in T2DM+EHT subjects compared to controls (20.71%). The genotype and allele frequency of ACE G2350A gene polymorphism differed significantly in patients when compared to controls (p<0.05). Allele A of G2350A polymorphism of ACE gene is associated with essential hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Malaysian subjects