PREDICTION OF C02 CORROSION WITH THE PRESENCE OF ACETIC ACID

The roles and effects of organic acid species in C02 corrosion have received relatively little attention and thus have not been included in the corrosion analysis of oil and gas systems. This is potentially detrimental as most of the predictive models used for materials selection do not incorporate considerations of the effects of such species. The scope of the study is to understand and predict the effect of organic acids, acetic acid specifically, on the C02 corrosion rate of carbon steel. The electrochemical studies consist of static test and rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) tests that focus on the effect of acetic acid species concentrations on the corrosion rate with the presence of C02 at fixed pH and different temperatures. These studies are based on linear polarisation resistance (LPR) and potentiodynamic polarisation methods of a three-electrode system. The results are compared with the performance predicted by three openly available predictive models; NORSOK, Cassandra and de Waard Milliams models. The results of static tests showed that the corrosion rate increases almost linearly with the concentration of acetic acid under non-scaling conditions and decreases to a low value after the formation of protective film. The RCE tests at pH 5.5 show similar results, with an increased corrosion rate that varies linearly with the acetic acid concentration. In addition, the presence of more than 400 ppm acetic acid at 22°C and 800 ppm at 50°C reduces the corrosion rate due to inhibition. The cathodic reaction in the presence of acetic acid is diffusion controlled but changes to mixed diffusion and charge-transfer control at high acetic acid concentration. There is no significant change in the anodic reaction mechanism with the presence of acetic acid. The overall corrosion process is mainly controlled by a charge transfer process. Based on the findings, it is concluded that acetic acid species increase the corrosion rate of carbon steel in C02 corrosion substantially from the additional cathodic reactions of acetic acid dissociation and direct reduction of acetic acid. Standard predictive models do not account for the presence of acetic acid in C02 corrosion. Thus, new equations are proposed to predict the C02 corrosion rate of carbon steel with the presence of acetic acid for stagnant/low-flow and turbulent flow conditions

The actual purchase of herbal products in Malaysia: the moderating effect of perceived benefit

Due to the increase interest in herbal products, the global herbal industry has expanded tremendously.There are several factors that have contributed to this situation, most important of which is changes in lifestyle. Even though there are indicators showing increase in demand of herbal products, there is a paucity of studies examining actual purchase. Hence the main objective of the study is to investigate the factors that influence the actual purchase of herbal products based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).This study has enhanced the understanding the factors that influence the actual purchase of herbal products.Nevertheless, the findings will be useful to entrepreneurs who are interested in knowing the fundamental factors that influence actual purchase of herbal products

حركة التّأليف في مقاصد الشريعة

The publication in maqasid has contributed in highlighting its chapters, research issues, collecting and ordering its topics. It plays role in explaining the sub-division of maqasid, its status, and the way of utilizing it in the preaching (da’wa). The objective of this study is to explain the role of scholars in putting the foundation in the field of maqasid, how they have attempted to make it practical in real life and how they have tried to link with rule of shariah. Maqasid is the one highlight the importance, the wisdom and the characteristics of shariah, and its compatibility with every place and time. Using the inductive and descriptive method, it is clear that there is a disparity in the approaches of scholars in studying maqasid. Some of them are interested in the explanatory approach by searching the importance of shariah and the wisdom behind it. On the other hand, some have linked maqasid with the concept of spiritual while others deeply investigated pros and cons. The other categories of scholars are turned to divide and categorize types of maqasid whilst others turned to the general point of view by searching in the chapters of maqasid. Among them some draw a complete theory of maqasid and its chapters. Likewise some are turned to link maqsid with the real social life for Muslim society and to investigate further about maqsid

Corak pembelian produk berasaskan herba di Malaysia

The herbal-based products are often considered as an alternative medicine and has gained interest since various local and foreign herbal-based product purchases have been increasing rapidly in the market.In order for entrepreneurs to be competitive in the herbal market, they should be well informed on the buying patterns of customers. Buying patterns can help them to be aware of what, where, how, and how much is the product being purchased.It can also help them in determining the most suitable marketing mix, maintaining business continuity, meeting customer satisfaction, and identifying the effectiveness of marketing strategies.In the present study, the quota sampling method was used to determine the sample population, and intercept mall method was employed in order to collect data from respondents. The results showed that buyers more often buy herbal suplements than compared to other products. They also prefer to buy products from herbal outlets as compared to other locations. It was also revealed that customers would believe the information communicated by their friends more than information received through other channels. Moreover, the results indicated that men, as compared to women, bought and use herbal-based products more frequently

Penilaian Ciri-Ciri Afektif Dalam Sistem Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah - Satu Pandangan

One of the most significant changes in the history of our curriculum development is the introduction of the KBSR and KBSM to our educational system. The prim.e objective of the KBSM system is to produce future schoolleavers who are emotionally, intelectually, and physically balanced. In this respect, 'values' viz 'nilai-nilai murni' are formally taught in schools as a part of every school subject

Governance strategies in sustainable campus using Rasch model

In moving towards sustainability, university needs to establish a good governance strategy which practices to transform a positive sustainable culture toward successful green campus. Howe ver, due to constraint of knowledge and commitment regarding sustainability integration has caused weakness in the implementation of green concept in majority of Malaysian universities. This paper is presents one of the five dimensions of a developed hypot hetical integrated sustainable campus model which is university governance. The university governance dimension consists of 5 constructs and 23 items which are strategies for the university to be complied. These strategies were uncovered using questionnair e survey with 35 selected experts who are currently active in sustainable campus activities and researches. Collected data from this survey was analysed using Rasch method in Winstep software to measure items reliability, separation index, items polarity, item fit and item person map. Results from the analysis indicated that 19 strategies were significant to be implemented. Thus, it provides good information for universities to adopt these sustainable campus strategies in making their campus as a role mode l for a sustainable and conducive living environment

Maternal outcome of prenatally diagnosed lethal fetal anomalies: a year review

Objectives: To determine maternal morbidities in relation to prenatal diagnosis of lethal fetal anomalies and termination of pregnancy (TOP). Materials: Twenty five patients with prenatal diagnosis of lethal fetal anomalies in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Malaysia. Methods: This was a retrospective review in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Malaysia in the year of 2011. All patients diagnosed prenatally to carry lethal fetal anomalies was reviewed. Data regarding maternal morbidities and outcome was collected from patients’ case note in the hospital record office. Analysis was done by using SPSS version 17.0. Results: Twenty five pregnant patients were diagnosed with lethal fetal anomalies via ultrasound with or without genetic study. The patients’ mean age was 29.9±6.3 years old. The mean gestational age at diagnosis of lethal fetal anomalies and at TOP or delivery were 26.5±7.4 and 28.7±7.8 weeks respectively. The lethal fetal anomalies included fetuses with multiple structural abnormalities (40%), anencephaly or severe encephalocele (32%), non-immune hydrops fetalis (16%) and syndromic fetuses (12%) i.e. Pentalogy of Cantrell and Edward’s syndrome. Seven (28%) patients had early counseling and TOP at the gestation of <22 weeks. Beyond 22 weeks gestation, 8 (32%) patients had TOP and 10 (40%) patients had spontaneous delivery. Twenty (80%) patients delivered or aborted vaginally, 3 (12%) patients with assisted breech delivery, and 2 (8%) patients with abdominal delivery. The abdominal deliveries were for transverse lie in labour and emergency hysterotomy for failed induction complicated by hysterectomy due to intraoperative finding of ruptured uterus. Overall, the associated adverse events included abnormal lie during delivery (16%), symptomatic polyhydramnios requiring amnioreduction (16%), post-partum haemorrhage (12%), retained placenta (12%), blood transfusion (8%), uterine rupture (4%) and endometritis (4%). Mean duration of hospital stay was 6.6±3.7 days. Conclusions: Prenatal diagnosis and TOP at an early gestation may reduce maternal morbidities and improve the outcom

Comparative study on the occurrence and severity of dry eyes between menopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and those on HRT in HUSM

Introduction: It is a known fact that Dry Eye Syndrome (DES) occurs more commonly in females of older age group compared to men. Menopausal women have lack of hormones that may contribute to dry eye. Hormone replacement therapy, therefore, is expected to prevent the occurrence of dry eye. However, this has never been scientifically proven. Objective: To investigate the occurrence and severity of Dry Eye in menopausal women in HUSM and to compare the results between women taking hormone replacement therapy and those not taking any hormone replacement therapy.Methodology: Menopausal women tn HUSM underwent eye examination consisting of the Schirmer's test, the tear film breakup time and the rose bengal staining. At least 2 of the tests need to be abnormal to diagnose dry eye. After the ocular examination, blood was taken from every patient for estradiol, progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels.Results: Fifty-four women were examined, 30 (55.6°/o) of which were on honnone replacement therapy (HRT group), while 24 (44.4o/o) women were not on any honnone replacement therapy (control group). In the HRT group, 11 patients were on estrogen (Estrogen group) and 19 patients were on combined estrogen and progesterone (Combined group). Dry eye was found in 29.2% of patients in the control group and in 70.0% of patients in the HRT group [p<0.05]. Comparing the patients in the HRT group, dry eye occurred more frequently in the combined estrogen and progesterone group (84.2%) as compared to the estrogen only group (45.5%) [p<0.05]. When analysed separately, the only dry eye test found to be statistically significant was a positive BUT test between the Combined group (94.7%) and the Estrogen group (45.5°/o) [p<0.05]. The severity of dry eye was not statistically significant between groups. Conclusion: Dry eye was found more commonly in menopausal women who took hormone replacement therapy in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Combined estrogen and progesterone therapy was associated with a higher occurrence of dry eye compared to estrogen only therapy. These results, therefore, are in contrast to the previous assumption that HRT would prevent dry eye