Perception of Female College Teachers Regarding the Role of Sports in Controlling Deviant Behavior among the Female Students at College Level

Sports bring positive changes in the behaviors of students especially at college level .the researcher realized that there are many behavioral problems in college among students. Therefore the researcher decided to determine the “Role of sports in controlling deviant behaviors among the students.” This particular study initiated in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa district D.I.Khan. The main objectives of the study were to know the perception of female college teachers about the role of sports in controlling deviant behavior among the students. The population of this particular study was the teachers of 3 female degree colleges in locality of district D.I.Khan. The researcher found that majority respondents agreed that sports participation is beneficial in controlling deviant behaviors among students. They thought that sports is a source of utilizing surplus energy in constructive manner and mostly population agreed that sports develop sociability which helps in controlling deviant acts. Keywords: Sports, Deviant Behaviors & Female Student

EFFECT OF INCENTIVES UPON THE SPORTS PERFORMANCE OF ATHLETES AT UNIVERSTY LEVEL

Background: The reason behind the selection of the current research study was the low performances of the university athletes as well as their meager participation at national and international level sport competition. The main focus of the present research study was to highlight the effect of incentives (Traveling allowance, Daily allowance, refreshment, Cash Prizes, accommodation facilities, Reserved sport seats, Scholarships) upon the performance level of the athletes at university level both in public and in private sector university in the province of KP, Pakistan. Methods: the researcher selected 671 athletes and 31 director sports out of total population 3305 from both sector universities as sample. The 82% returned rate of responses were recorded. Proportionate random sampling technique was preferred to provide equal chance to the population of each university for true representation in the selected sample. The required information was collected through five option Likert type questionnaires. The pilot testing (validity and reliability) of the self-prepared questionnaire was made accordingly. Results: The results indicate that non availability of proper incentives (Traveling allowance, Daily allowance, refreshment, Cash Prizes, accommodation facilities, Reserved sport seats, Scholarships) affect the performance level of the athletes both in public and in private sector universities of KP, Pakistan. Moreover, the results of the current study also revealed that grater effect was observed in private sector universities than public sector universities. Conclusion: It was concluded that improper incentives (Traveling allowance, Daily allowance, refreshment, Cash Prizes, accommodation facilities, Reserved sport seats, Scholarships) affect the performance and motivation level of the athletes as well. Furthermore, the respondents predicted that improper incentives to athletes at university level is one of the obstacles which restrict the participation level of the athletes at national and international level sport competitions

INFLUENCE OF RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL RESTRICTIONS UPON SPORTS PARTICIPATION

The main focus of the study is to examine the effect of religious and cultural restrictions upon sports participation among the secondary schools in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. In this particular study, the formulated research hypotheses were tested by using different appropriate statistical techniques such as “there is no significant effect of religious and cultural restrictions on sports participation among the students of secondary schools in  KP was tested through SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION. “There is no significant difference between the views of male and female respondents regarding the effect of religious and cultural restrictions upon students sports participation†was tested through t-test. There is no significant difference between the views of the respondent category-wise (teachers, parents and Head of the Institutions (HOIs) were tested through ANOVA. The population of this particular study comprised Teachers, HOIs, and parents in the province of KP, Pakistan. The researcher used multistage sampling techniques for the selection of sample. For the purpose of data collection, the researcher developed a Likert type questionnaire comprising 36 questions related to all aspects of the study. The result of this research study indicated that religious and cultural restrictions affect the participation of students in secondary schools of KP, Pakistan

IMPACT OF EXERCISE, DIET, SMOKING & OBESITY UPON LIFE EXPECTANCY

Despite zenith in the field of scientific knowledge, any pin pointed factor behind the phenomenon of longevity and life expectancy has not yet been known. There are so many contributors that work together in affecting the span of life expectancy. Review of the literature reveals that participation in physical activities and exercises, use of proper diet, healthy lifestyle behaviour, avoidance of smoking and obesity are vital and they all have crucial role in determining the length of the life span.  This paper is aimed at to review the existing body of literature in perspectives of the factors contributing or otherwise with reference to the longevity and life expectancy. The factors examined in this paper include exercise & physical activity, diet and smoking. In view of the existing literature it has become evident that life expectancy is something that can be extended to a desirable limit provided consolidated efforts are put forth with reference to health care and healthy life style behaviour. Â

IMPACT OF EXERCISE, DIET, SMOKING & OBESITY UPON LIFE EXPECTANCY

Despite zenith in the field of scientific knowledge, any pin pointed factor behind the phenomenon of longevity and life expectancy has not yet been known. There are so many contributors that work together in affecting the span of life expectancy. Review of the literature reveals that participation in physical activities and exercises, use of proper diet, healthy lifestyle behaviour, avoidance of smoking and obesity are vital and they all have crucial role in determining the length of the life span.  This paper is aimed at to review the existing body of literature in perspectives of the factors contributing or otherwise with reference to the longevity and life expectancy. The factors examined in this paper include exercise & physical activity, diet and smoking. In view of the existing literature it has become evident that life expectancy is something that can be extended to a desirable limit provided consolidated efforts are put forth with reference to health care and healthy life style behaviour. 

EFFECT OF INCENTIVES UPON THE SPORTS PERFORMANCE OF ATHLETES AT UNIVERSTY LEVEL

Background: The reason behind the selection of the current research study was the low performances of the university athletes as well as their meager participation at national and international level sport competition. The main focus of the present research study was to highlight the effect of incentives (Traveling allowance, Daily allowance, refreshment, Cash Prizes, accommodation facilities, Reserved sport seats, Scholarships) upon the performance level of the athletes at university level both in public and in private sector university in the province of KP, Pakistan. Methods: the researcher selected 671 athletes and 31 director sports out of total population 3305 from both sector universities as sample. The 82% returned rate of responses were recorded. Proportionate random sampling technique was preferred to provide equal chance to the population of each university for true representation in the selected sample. The required information was collected through five option Likert type questionnaires. The pilot testing (validity and reliability) of the self-prepared questionnaire was made accordingly. Results: The results indicate that non availability of proper incentives (Traveling allowance, Daily allowance, refreshment, Cash Prizes, accommodation facilities, Reserved sport seats, Scholarships) affect the performance level of the athletes both in public and in private sector universities of KP, Pakistan. Moreover, the results of the current study also revealed that grater effect was observed in private sector universities than public sector universities. Conclusion: It was concluded that improper incentives (Traveling allowance, Daily allowance, refreshment, Cash Prizes, accommodation facilities, Reserved sport seats, Scholarships) affect the performance and motivation level of the athletes as well. Furthermore, the respondents predicted that improper incentives to athletes at university level is one of the obstacles which restrict the participation level of the athletes at national and international level sport competitions

Study of governmental barriers/hurdles affecting sports in Secondary schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The study was initiated to know the effect of governmental barriers in secondary schools of K.P.K Pakistan. The main objectives of this particular study were to know about the governmental barriers and their effect on sports activities at school level. For this particular study 5 main hypothesis were made, and tested through statistical techniques i.e. REGRESSION was used to test hypothesis No.1, T Test was applied to check hypothesis No.2 and  ANOVA was used to test hypothesis No.3,4 and 5. The researcher selected Teachers, HOI (head of the institutions), and the parents in the province of KPK Pakistan as population. There were 25 districts in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The researcher selected 11 districts as sample through cluster random sampling technique. The researcher selected 4 schools from each district (2 male, 2 female) by applying convenient or available sampling technique. Similarly, five teachers, one head of the institution from each school and 20 parents from each district were selected through available sampling technique. So, the total number of the sample from one district was 44 and the total number of the sample from the whole province (11 districts) was 484.  For data collection the researcher used a likert type of questionnaire as tool. SPSS version 12 was used for the purpose of statistical analysis. The results show that there is a significant effect of governmental barriers on sports at secondary schools level

EFFECT OF ROLE CLARITY ON JOB PERFORMANCE OF INSTRUCTORS PHYSICAL EDUCATION (IPES) OF SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Role Clarity (RC) on the Job Performance (JP) of Instructor Physical Education (IPEs) working in higher secondary schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Methods: The study was conducted in southern Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (LakkiMarwat, Bannu, D.I.khan and Tank). There are 141 (89 male and 52 female) IPEs working in different Higher Secondary Schools (Educational Management Information System [EMIS], 2019). A sample of 141 IEPs was chosen using the stratified sampling method. The survey research design was applied for this paper. A questionnaire was used based on the Five Point Likert scale for data collection. The validation of the data collection tool was done through index of Item Objective Congruence (IOC) whereas the reliability score was estimated (RC=0.861, JP=0.872) through Cronbach’s Alpha. Pearson Product Movement Correlation, Linear Regression, and Independent sample t-test were used as inferential statistics.  Results: The result of the study shows that there is a positive relationship between Role clarity and Job performance. The study concluded that the job performance of IPEs determined through how IPEs clear about their job. If IPEs have a clear vision about their job then it can make a significant contribution to their job performance. More precisely, higher role clarity leads to higher job performance. The result also indicates that there is a significant difference in the male and female IPEs Performance. Conclusion: The study concluded that male IPEs perform well as compared to female IPEs in terms of subject matter knowledge, assessment strategies, and communication skills

THE EPIDEMIC OF OBESITY, ITS CAUSATIVE FACTORS, PREVENTION AND CONTROL (A REVIEW STUDY FOCUSING FEMALE AND CHILDREN)

A number of factors, including societal, environmental, professional and behavioral, tend to promote the present trend of the masses towards sedentary lifestyle and its allied prevalence of obesity. Need of the hour is to address the obesity related issued accordingly to control the situation. Overweight and obesity have emerged as one of the most important global health problems. The prevalence of the menace of obesity has posed viable threat to the public of the masses in developed and developing societies. In global perspectives there are more than one billion people who have been overweight and among them, three hundred million are categorized as obese. The graph of the prevalence of overweight and obesity has been on rise. Consistent imbalance between the consumption and expenditure of the energy results in the establishment of overweight and obesity. Exercise and physical activities provide one of the most feasible and efficient way for the use of extra energy of the body. To address the epidemic of obesity, the strategy of intervention of dietary restriction in combination with the physical activities is vital in the prevention and control of the obesity.Â

THE EPIDEMIC OF OBESITY, ITS CAUSATIVE FACTORS, PREVENTION AND CONTROL (A REVIEW STUDY FOCUSING FEMALE AND CHILDREN)

A number of factors, including societal, environmental, professional and behavioral, tend to promote the present trend of the masses towards sedentary lifestyle and its allied prevalence of obesity. Need of the hour is to address the obesity related issued accordingly to control the situation. Overweight and obesity have emerged as one of the most important global health problems. The prevalence of the menace of obesity has posed viable threat to the public of the masses in developed and developing societies. In global perspectives there are more than one billion people who have been overweight and among them, three hundred million are categorized as obese. The graph of the prevalence of overweight and obesity has been on rise. Consistent imbalance between the consumption and expenditure of the energy results in the establishment of overweight and obesity. Exercise and physical activities provide one of the most feasible and efficient way for the use of extra energy of the body. To address the epidemic of obesity, the strategy of intervention of dietary restriction in combination with the physical activities is vital in the prevention and control of the obesity.