Intracranial Hydatid Cyst: A Case Report of Three Cases

A cerebral hydatid cyst is a less common condition as compared to hydatid diseases of liver and lungs. Surgical removal of the cyst without rupturing it should be the primary goal of surgery. We reported three cases of supratentorial cerebral hydatid cysts in this case-series. All of the cases belonged to three different age groups. One, 10 year old patient was previously operated at another hospital and presented with the recurrent disease. This patient was operated three times with a gap of six and nine months in-between surgeries. Currently, he is symptoms free for the last one year. Another, 40 year old patient was operated, 22 months back and is now disease free. Third case was of a 72 year old patient, who had a hepatic hydatid cyst as well. The relevant literature on the cerebral hydatid disease was reviewed and compared with our cases. The cerebral hydatid cyst should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with altered neurological status, especially in those who belongs to those regions where the disease is endemic. Total cyst removal without rupturing it should be the goal of surgery whenever possible. Postoperative treatment with Tablet Albendazole should be given in every case

Characterization of 60 GHz multi quantum well passively mode-locked laser under optical self-injection locking

The quality and pulse compression of the 60 GHz millimeter wave signals generated by 750 m long InAlGaAs Multi Quantum Well (MQW) passively mode locked laser under free running and optical self-injection locked conditions are experimentally characterized in terms of longitudinal modes under certain bias currents that range from 24 mA to 90 mA. Initially, the MQW laser is characterized in free running condition with no external injection. The measurements reflect that the free spectral range of laser under test is around 61 GHz and exhibit more than 22 lasing modes. The laser is then integrated into low phase noise self-injection locking oscillator by feeding a part of output RF signal back into the laser cavity to enhance passive mode locking. By doing so the microwave line width of our laser is reduced from 900 kHz to 24 kHz with significant increase in output of resultant beat tones which exhibits strong passive mode locking. This is the first time that the free running microwave line width of MQW laser is reduced up to this level. It is evident from our experimental investigation that as we increase the power and phase correlation between different longitudinal modes inside laser cavity through optical self-injection, the strength of the passively mode locked mechanism is significantly increased and the phase noise of radio frequency signal is drastically reduced

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

All-optical signal processing of fiber impairments in dual-polarization 112 Gbit/s m-ary QAM coherent transmission

We have numerically implemented a receiver side all-optical signal processing method, i.e. optical backward propagation (OBP), by dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) and non-linear compensator (NLC) devised by effective negative Kerr non-linear coefficient using two highly non-linear fibers (HNLFs). The method is implemented for the post-processing of fiber transmission impairments, i.e. chromatic dispersion (CD) and non-linearities (NL). The OBP module is evaluated for dual-polarization (DP) m-ary (m=4, 16, 32, 64, 256) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in 112 Gbit/s coherent transmission over 1200 km standard single mode fiber (SMF). We have also investigated an intensity limited optical backward propagation module (IL-OBP) by using a self-phase modulation-based optical limiter with an appropriate pre-chirping to compensate for the intensity fluctuations in the transmission link. Our results show that in highly non-linear sensitive 256QAM transmission, we have observed a 66% increase in the transmission distance by implementing IL-OBP as compared to conventional OBP

Effective negative Kerr non-linear coefficient using highly non-linear fibers:A scalable backward propagation approach

We have numerically evaluated optical backward propagation (OBP) by the conjunction of dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) and a non-linear compensator (NLC) devised by effective negative Kerr non-linear coefficient using two highly non-linear fibers (HNLF) to compensate fiber transmission impairments, i.e. chromatic dispersion (CD) and non-linearities (NL). The OBP module is evaluated for dual-polarization (DP) mary (m=4,16,32,64,256) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in 112 Gbit/s coherent transmission over standard single mode fiber (SMF). We have also proposed a intensity limited optical backward propagation module (IL-OBP) by using a self-phase modulation-based optical limiter with an appropriate pre-chirping to compensate for the intensity fluctuations in the transmission link. Our results depict that in highly non-linear sensitive 256QAM transmission, we have observed a 40% increase in the transmission distance by implementing IL-OBP as compared to conventional OBP

Performance analysis of BER optimization in WDM systems using EDFA

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems, which are widely used in telecommunication, have the advantages of huge bandwidth support and reliability. A performance analysis is presented of a WDM system using an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), with specific emphasis on bit error rate (BER) optimization. EDFA parameters, including doped fiber length and pump power, are optimized and performance evaluating parameters for different modulation schemes are observed. Simulation results provide optimized BER, noise figure, and gain flatness values. The WDM system is modeled from 1546 nm to 1558 nm bandwidth to obtain maximum gain uniformity, low noise figure, and low BER. This wavelength range is selected to investigate the 1550 nm wavelength commonly used in the telecommunication industry. Also, that we are using a WDM grid, so multiple channels can be accommodated in this range

Control of optical chaos spectrum in semiconductor laser for secure RoF communication

A critical requirement in optical chaos based secure radio over fiber (RoF) system design is the ability to control center frequency, spectral bandwidth, power level and signature of chaos to submerge message with sufficient horizontal and vertical margins both in time and frequency domains. Once frequency domain masking is completely achieved, time domain masking is met automatically, the former being more stringent. In a direct modulated semiconductor laser, the three control parameters are bias current (Ibias), modulation current (Imod) and modulation frequency (ωa). It is found that Imod increases bandwidth and amplitude dynamic range of chaotic pulses. Ibias increases the cavity power and hence average peak amplitude of laser chaotic pulses. The modulation frequency increases the speed of overall cavity dynamics and hence is used to increase the bandwidth of chaos but a corresponding increase in bias and modulation currents is required to support high repetition pulses. The results show relationship between three control parameters (bias current, modulation current and modulation frequency) in a direct modulated semiconductor laser and optical chaos bandwidth using regression

Huge and Real-Time Database Systems: A Comparative Study and Review for SQL Server 2016, Oracle 12c & MySQL 5.7 for Personal Computer

Complexity, and Handling of huge data is a crucial target for all management systems. Databases are the backbone, central and core component of a computer application to store data in a logical way, which define the structure and mechanism for manipulation of data. Many Databases are available for handling and saving huge data including commercial and non-commercial like Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, and MYSQL etc. Many vendors are working on modern techniques of databases spatio-temporal, object-relational, parallel databases etc. This novel research evaluates the comparative study and execution performance of top three databases according to their particular scenario and situation, after reading the paper the computer related experts especially developers easily judge, which database is most reliable in particular scenario, choosing the right decision for development of huge computer applications for hospitals, banks, and industries

Huge and Real-Time Database Systems: A Comparative Study and Review for SQL Server 2016, Oracle 12c & MySQL 5.7 for Personal Computer

Complexity, and Handling of huge data is a crucial target for all management systems. Databases are the backbone, central and core component of a computer application to store data in a logical way, which define the structure and mechanism for manipulation of data. Many Databases are available for handling and saving huge data including commercial and non-commercial like Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, and MYSQL etc. Many vendors are working on modern techniques of databases spatio-temporal, object-relational, parallel databases etc. This novel research evaluates the comparative study and execution performance of top three databases according to their particular scenario and situation, after reading the paper the computer related experts especially developers easily judge, which database is most reliable in particular scenario, choosing the right decision for development of huge computer applications for hospitals, banks, and industries

Content Searching Scheme with Distributed Data Processing Service in Content Centric Networking

ABSTRACT Content Centric Networking is a recently proposed internet communication paradigm which is based on content instead of the physical location which holds the contents. People are interested in data only. The physical location or IP address of this data is not of their concern. But internet does not know anything about data. It only knows addresses. This new content based architecture promises solutions to all existing internet problems. In this work we study content searching in content centric networking, combining it with a Distributed Data Processing Service. We argue that data can be processed by network instead of servers or clients to improve the overall experience of data retrieval. We implement a service in network which extracts an audio file from a video file on 'audio file request'. The main focus of this scheme is to reduce unnecessary data traffic to improve download efficiency. Implementation results of this scheme show that content searching and retrieval can be made more efficient with Distributed Data Processing Service