Performance comparison of AODV, DSDV and EE-DSDV routing protocol algorithm for wireless sensor network

This paper describes a preliminary study on wireless sensor network (WSN) routing protocol algorithm with focus on energy saving strategy.Efficient energy saving and consumption will ensure the lifespan of the battery are prolonged and the delay of transmitting data will be within the acceptable range of 300 meter by 300 meter network size.The routing protocol Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) and Energy Efficient Destination Sequence Distance Vector (EE-DSDV) were used in the study to compare the performance of the network in terms of maximum delay, throughput receive as well as the remaining energy in the network

Effect on Heat Treatment and Doping of Cubic NaZn13-Type La0.7Pr0.3(Fe,Si)13 for Magnetic Refrigerator Application

Soft ferromagnetic cubic NaZn13-type La0.7Pr0.3Fe11.4Si1.6 has turned out to be a standout amongst the most fascinating compounds for investigating substantial magnetocaloric effect (MCE) on the grounds that the attractive properties of this compound shows large enough spontaneous magnetization for applications, strongly doping dependent, and as well as delicate soft ferromagnetism. These impacts can be attributed to the itinerant electron metamagnetic (IEM) transition especially around the first-order magnetic transition region. However, this compound is difficult to frame by the basic cementing process because of the inherent deficiency of the peritectic response, Υ-Fe + La → La(Fe,Si)13(τ1a), which frequently brings about a blended microstructure of α-Fe + La(Fe,Si)13(τ1a) + LaFeSi(τ4). Additionally, dependability of La(FexSi1−x)13 is no middle-of-the-road stage and common solvency amongst Fe and La in the Fe-La framework as a reality is represented by response dispersion as indicated by magnetic and electronic states’ contribution. From this point of view, the structure, attractive properties and MCE of this compound have been talked about in detail as indicated by various temperatures and times of the annealing treatment. In addition, efficiently contemplating on the doping impact from various concentrations of transition metal elements such as Copper (Cu) and Chromium (Cr) on Iron (Fe) in the La0.7Pr0.3Fe11.4Si1.6 compound is likewise discussed

Electrical withstand performance of Malaysian based palm oil under influence of HVDC stress

Overvoltage is a phenomenon where electrical waveform applied to circuit or device exceeds normal operating parameters. The sources of overvoltage are often unpredictable and can lead to permanent degradation, failure or temporary malfunction of devices and systems. Equipment running with HVDC needs to be equipped with a proper protection system and insulation strength properties better than typically being rated to the HVAC system

Lightning impulse breakdown voltage RBDPO with the presence of metallic particles under a uniform electric field

The performance of liquid insulation in power transformer is vulnerable to particles, especially the metallic particles. This paper presents the experimental study on the effect of metallic particles on the palm oil (PO) as dielectric insulating fluid under lightning impulse breakdown voltage. The type of PO used in this study is refined, bleached and deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein. Two different types of metallic particles (copper and iron) with different concentrations (clean, low, medium, and high) were studied. The lightning impulse test has been carried out according to IEC 60897 standard and under the influence of a uniform electric field. For the comparative purpose, similar test has been carried out with mineral oil (MO). The presence of metallic particles reduces the average lightning impulse breakdown voltage of MO and PO but shows less significant effect to MO. This is because the streamers in the PO propagate faster and further than in the MO at the same voltage level. Hence, causing the breakdown voltage of PO lower than MO. Under negative lightning impulse, the breakdown voltage of MO is slightly higher than RBDPO. From the study, the increment of the number of particle level contamination will reduce the lightning impulse breakdown voltages of the PO

A study on the AC breakdown voltages of as-received palm oil and coconut oil under presence of TiO2

This paper presents a study on the AC breakdown voltages of Palm Oil (PO) and Coconut Oil (CO) with presence of TiO2. The type of PO used in this study is Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO). TiO2 was added into RBDPO and CO at volume concentration of nanoparticles ranging from 0.001% to 0.05% In total, 50 measurements of AC breakdown voltages were recorded and analyzed by Weibull and normal distributions. Based on the test results and statistical analyses, it was found that the TiO2 could improve the AC breakdown voltages of RDBPO and CO

Investigation on the dielectric, physical and chemical properties of palm oil and coconut oil under open thermal ageing condition

In this paper, a study is carried out to investigate the dielectric, physical and chemical properties of Palm Oil (PO) and Coconut Oil (CO) under open thermal ageing condition. The type of PO used in this study is Refined Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein. The ageing experiment was carried out at 85 °C and 115 °C for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days. Several parameters were measured such as AC breakdown voltage, dielectric dissipation factor, relative permittivity, resistivity, viscosity, moisture and acidity throughout the ageing duration. Based on the study, it is found that there are no significant changes on the AC breakdown voltages and relative permittivities for both RBDPO and CO. At ageing temperature of 115°C, there are clear reduction trends of dielectric dissipation factor for CO and resistivities for most of RBDPO. On the other hand, no clear trends are observed for viscosities, moisture and acidities of RBDPO and CO throughout the ageing duration

A study on the dielectric properties of palm oil and coconut oil

One of the important parameter for insulating fluid is the dielectric properties. With the introduction of vegetable oil as possible alternative fluid for transformers application, it is essential to ensure this type of oil could meet the dielectric properties requirement. In this paper, a study is carried out to investigate the dielectric properties of Palm Oil (PO) and Coconut Oil (CO). The type of PO used in this study is Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein. Several parameters such as AC breakdown voltage, dielectric dissipation factor, relative permittivity and resistivity are examined for both as-received and dried samples. It was found that there are differences on the dielectric dissipation factor and resistivity between RBDPO and CO and the dielectric properties performances of all samples are improved after subjected to the drying procedure

Investigation on the lightning breakdown voltage of palm oil and coconut oil under non-uniform field

The increasing interests on the Palm Oil (PO) and Coconut Oil (CO) as a potential alternative for dielectric insulating fluid in transformers encourage a number of researches on different aspects of these oils. Among the common areas under study is the lightning breakdown voltage. In this paper, the lightning breakdown voltage of PO and CO is examined. The type of PO used in this study is Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein. The testing was carried out under non-uniform electric field using needle-sphere electrodes configuration. The influence of the testing methods, rising-voltage and up-and-down on the breakdown voltages are investigated for both types of oils. It was found that the lightning breakdown voltage performance for some of the RBDPO is comparable to Mineral Oil (MO)

Ageing effect of vegetable oils impregnated paper in transformer application

Vegetable oils are being considered as potential alternatives to mineral oil, due to their better environmental performance and for their high fire point. Although these liquids have been used in distribution transformer, it is still a significant step to adopt vegetable oils in power transformer due to high cost and high level of safety and reliability required in service for these units. Vegetable oils such as Palm oil (PO), Corn oil (CO), and Rice Bran oils (RBO) offer suitable alternative for mineral oil. It is anticipated that most of the un-aged oil could satisfy the minimum requirement for dielectric insulation liquids in transformer. However, since transformers in service could be subjected to heat and multiple environmental parameters, the oil could be subjected to ageing. The chemical properties of the oil may change and its performance could be affected by the presence of ageing-by-products such as moisture and acids. Therefore, considering the application of new dielectric insulation liquids such as PO, CO and RBO in transformer, it is crucial to first examine its ageing performances at laboratory level. This paper focused on the effect of ageing on the electrical and physicochemical properties of PO, CO, and RBO. Sealed ageing experiments were set at 90°C for 30 days, 90 days and 180 days. Before the ageing process, the samples were dried in a vacuum oven at pressure less than 0.8kP at 85°C for 48 hours in order to remove the moisture content in the oils. Then the oils were impregnated with the Kraft paper and continue to age for selected duration time. The electrical properties (relative permittivity, dielectric losses, resistivity and breakdown strength), mechanical properties (viscosity and tensile strength) and chemical properties (moisture and acidity) of the oils were measured throughout the ageing periods. It can be concluded that the laboratory accelerated thermal ageing experiment reveals that all vegetable oils in this study are resistant toward oxidation based on the stable viscosity and low acidity measurements of vegetable oils throughout the ageing duration even with the presence of oxygen. The AC breakdown voltages of vegetable oils can still comply with the recommended limit of new vegetable oil set by ASTM 6781 even after subjected to ageing. In general most of properties of vegetable oils are comparable with mineral oil

A study on the dielectric properties of RBDPO olein under low temperature thermal ageing

A number of studies have been carried out previously to investigate the suitability of palm oil as dielectric insulation fluid in transformers. Among the important studies is the ageing performance of palm oil. In this paper, a study was carried out to investigate the dielectric properties of Refined Bleached and Deodorized (RBDPO) Olein after subjected to thermal ageing. A low temperature ageing was carried out at 85°C for 5 days. The AC breakdown voltage, dielectric dissipation factor, relative permittivity and resistivity of RBDPO were examined throughout the ageing duration. It was found that the RBDPO performs reasonably well under low temperature ageing