Brief review on carbon derivatives based ternary metal oxide composite electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Revolutionized lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have taken a very important role in our day today life by powering all sorts of electric devices. The selection of electrode materials is very im­portant, which impacts the electrochemical performance of LIBs. Advancements in the elec­trode materials and synthesis procedure greatly influence the electroc­he­mical performance. This review discusses the carbon derivatives based ternary composite as electrode mate­rials. A detailed explanation of the ternary electrode materials synthesis and spectroscopic, microscopic and electrochemical analysis of LIBs has been carried out in this study. Ternary composites are composed of highly conducting carbon derivatives, which are incorporated with SnO2/ZnO/MoO3/SiOx and additionally any one metal oxide. Carbon derivatives-based ternary metal oxide com­posites can exhibit enhanced electro­chemical results based on their heterostructures. The availability of more active sites contributes the reversible topotactic reactions during the charging-discharging process due to the porosity and other unique structures of different dimensions of the electrode materials. Concepts and strategies can extend the focus on developing the ternary metal oxides for high-performance LIBs

A Short Review on Electrochemical Sensing of Commercial Dyes in Real Samples Using Carbon Paste Electrodes

Synthetic dyes are commonly used in food products like soft drinks, vegetable sauces, jellies, etc. Most artificial dyes can cause cancer, therefore it is very important to develop sensors to detect them in food samples. Voltammetric methods with carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) are promising for this purpose. However, modification of CPEs is necessary to detect the commercial dyes in food samples in the presence of interferents. In the current review, we have discussed the different previous research in which detection of dyes is performed in real samples with good detection limits. The current review will be helpful for readers who are interested in developing low-cost electrodes for the effective determination of dyes in commercial products like soft drinks and vegetable sauces

Development and Validation of Dual Wavelength UV Spectrophotometric Method for simultaneous estimation of Cilnidipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil in Tablet dosage form

A simple and economical dual wavelength spectrophotometric method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Cilnidipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil in their tablet dosage form. The principle for dual wavelength method is “the absorbance difference between two points on the overlain spectra is directly proportional to the concentration of the component of interest”. From the UV absorption spectrum of Cilnidipine, three wavelengths were selected, which were 282.99, 337.85 and 352.92 nm. At 352.92 nm only Cilnidipine has reasonable absorbance, so it was selected for the estimation of it from combination drug product. At these two wavelengths absorbance for Cilnidipine was found to be same i.e. absorbance difference was zero for any concentration, while for Olmesartan Medoxomil concomitantly increase in absorbance difference with increase in its concentration. So, 282.99 and 337.85 nm wavelengths were selected for the estimation of Olmesartan Medoxomil from its combination drug product. The method involved solving of an equation based on measurement of absorbances at two wavelengths 282.99 and 337.85 nm. Regression analysis of Beer’s plots showed good correlation in concentration range of 10-60 μg/ml for Cilnidipine and 20-120 μg/ml for Olmesartan Medoxomil. The suitability of this method was for quantitative determination of Cilnidipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil was proved by validation and recovery study. The proposed method was found to be simple, rapid, economical, accurate and reproducible for the routine analysis of both drugs in tablet dosage forms

Electrochemical Reduction and Voltammetric Sensing of Lindane at the Carbon (Glassy and Pencil) Electrodes

In the agricultural field, pesticides are used tremendously to shield our crops from insects, weeds, and diseases. Only a small percentage of pesticides employed reach their intended target, and the remainder passes through the soil, contaminating ground and surface-water supplies, damaging the crop fields, and ultimately harming the crop, including humans and other creatures. Alternative approaches for pesticide measurement have recently received a lot of attention, thanks to the growing interest in the on-site detection of analytes using electrochemical techniques that can replace standard chromatographic procedures. Among all organochlorine pesticides such as gamma-lindane are hazardous, toxic, and omnipresent contaminants in the environment. Here, in this review, we summarize the different ways of the gamma-lindane detection, performing the electrochemical techniques viz cyclic, differential, square wave voltammetry, and amperometry using various bare and surface-modified glassy carbon and pencil carbon electrodes. The analytical performances are reported as the limit of detection 18.8 nM (GCE–AONP–PANI–SWCNT), 37,000 nM (GCE), 38.1 nM (Bare HBPE), 21.3 nM (Nyl-MHBPE); percentage recovery is 103%

Corticobasal degeneration presented as rapidly progressive dementia

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) rarely presents with rapidly progressive dementia (RPD). Its description primarily exists as case reports and case series only. This case report describes and discusses RPD as an initial manifestation of CBD for the benefit of clinician. A 75-year-old male who presented initially with complaints of difficulty in money handling, repetitive activities, irritability, and naming difficulty for 8 months. Later, he developed complaints of forgetfulness, navigational difficulty, dystonia, and rigidity in the right hand. This case demonstrates that patients who are presenting with RPD in geriatric mental health, motor symptoms must be evaluated to rule out corticobasal degeneration

Studies of Monoamine Neurotransmitters at Nanomolar Levels Using Carbon Material Electrodes: A Review

Neurotransmitters (NTs) with hydroxyl groups can now be identified electrochemically, utilizing a variety of electrodes and voltammetric techniques. In particular, in monoamine, the position of the hydroxyl groups might alter the sensing properties of a certain neurotransmitter. Numerous research studies using electrodes modified on their surfaces to better detect specific neurotransmitters when other interfering factors are present are reviewed to improve the precision of these measures. An investigation of the monoamine neurotransmitters at nanoscale using electrochemical methods is the primary goal of this review article. It will be used to determine which sort of electrode is ideal for this purpose. The use of carbon materials, such as graphite carbon fiber, carbon fiber micro-electrodes, glassy carbon, and 3D printed electrodes are only some of the electrodes with surface modifications that can be utilized for this purpose. Electrochemical methods for real-time detection and quantification of monoamine neurotransmitters in real samples at the nanomolar level are summarized in this paper

Knowledge, attitude and behavioural survey regarding oral hygiene practices amongst rural and urban population of Ahmedabad City, Gujarat: A comparative study

Introduction: It is thought that oral hygiene can be influenced by socioeconomic status to some extent. People with higher socioeconomic status often have better access to resources and opportunities, which can impact their oral hygiene practices and overall dental health. Hence, this study assessed knowledge, attitude and behaviour regarding oral health amongst the adult population in urban and rural populations of Ahmedabad city. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out amongst the urban and rural segments of Ahmedabad district. The zones of the district and participants were selected by systematic random sampling method. The participants in the Ahmedabad district were selected, and those 204 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were considered. A validated questionnaire was designed in our study so as to satisfy the quality, attain the objective of our study and make the study effective. Results: About 70.42% of the rural population and 77.30% of the urban population has good knowledge, while only 36.1% of the rural population and 47.16% of the urban population had a positive attitude towards oral hygiene practices. 61.27% of the rural population and 64.81% of the urban population showed positive behaviour. The absence of correlation was identified between knowledge-attitude and attitude-behaviour. Conclusion: It has been found that a massive number of the urban population possess a higher level of knowledge and attitude towards oral health than the rural population. No linear positive correlation was seen in knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards oral health

The Effect of Route of Administration and Vehicle on the Pharmacokinetics of THC and CBD in Adult, Neonate, and Breastfed Sprague-Dawley Rats

Introduction: Basic pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic models of the phytocannabinoids Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are critical for developing translational models of exposure and toxicity. The neonatal period is a particularly important time to study the effects of cannabinoids, yet there are few studies of cannabinoid PKs by different routes such as direct injection or breast milk ingestion. To study this question, we have developed a translationally relevant rodent model of perinatal cannabinoid administration by measuring plasma levels of THC and CBD after different routes and preparations of these drugs. Materials and Methods: Adult animals and pups were injected with THC or CBD either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, and plasma was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure cannabinoid levels collected at specified intervals. We also tested the effect of preparation of the drug using an oil-based vehicle (sesame oil) and an aqueous vehicle (Tween). Finally, we measured the plasma levels of cannabinoids in neonatal pups that were transmitted through breast milk after intraperitoneal injection to nursing dams. Results: We observed differences in the PK profiles of cannabinoids in adults and neonatal pups that were dependent on the route of administration and type of vehicle. Cannabinoids prepared in aqueous vehicle, injected intraperitoneally, resulted in a high peak in plasma concentration, which rapidly decreased. In contrast, subcutaneous injections using sesame oil as a vehicle resulted in a slow rise and low plateau in plasma concentration. Intraperitoneal injections with sesame oil as a vehicle resulted in a slower rise compared with aqueous vehicle, but an earlier and higher peak compared with subcutaneous injection. Finally, the levels of THC and CBD that were similar to direct subcutaneous injections were measured in the plasma of pups nursing from intraperitoneally injected dams. Conclusions: The route of administration and the preparation of the drug have important and significant effects on the PK profiles of THC and CBD in rats. These results can be used to create different clinically relevant exposure paradigms in pups and adults, such as short high-dose exposure or a low-chronic exposure, each of which might have significant and varying effects on development

A Fukui Analysis of an Arginine-Modified Carbon Surface for the Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine

Amino acid-modified carbon interfaces have huge applications in developing electrochemical sensing applications. Earlier reports suggested that the amine group of amino acids acted as an oxidation center at the amino acid-modified electrode interface. It was interesting to locate the oxidation centers of amino acids in the presence of guanidine. In the present work, we modeled the arginine-modified carbon interface and utilized frontier molecular orbitals and analytical Fukui functions based on the first principle study computations to analyze arginine-modified CPE (AMCPE) at a molecular level. The frontier molecular orbital and analytical Fukui results suggest that the guanidine (oxidation) and carboxylic acid (reduction) groups of arginine act as additional electron transfer sites on the AMCPE surface. To support the theoretical observations, we prepared the arginine-modified CPE (AMCPE) for the cyclic voltammetric sensing of dopamine (DA). The AMCPE showed excellent performance in detecting DA in blood serum samples