Reassessment of mid-Carboniferous glacial extent in southwestern Gondwana (Rio Blanco Basin, Argentina) inferred from paleo-mass transport of diamictites

Late Paleozoic glacial diamictites occur in many localities in western Argentina, indicating that the region was strongly affected by glaciation during the mid-Carboniferous (late Serpukhovian–early Bashkirian). In most instances these diamictites are found in steeply walled paleovalley settings in the Andean Precordillera. This study presents new data from a locality north of the Precordillera that suggests an additional, distinct, volume of ice existed in the region during the Carboniferous. The glacigenic diamictites in the Rio Blanco Basin were ultimately emplaced as gravity flows, precluding inferences of paleo-ice volume. Fold nose orientation and soft-sediment groove orientations within the diamictites indicate that the deposits were emplaced from north to south, suggesting that glacial ice was most likely not sourced from the proto-Precordillera at this locality, requiring the need for another ice center to the north of the basin. Diamictite facies indicates that the sediment was initially supplied to the study area by a warm-based glacier.Fil: Gulbranson, Erik L.. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Isbell, John L.. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Montañez, Isabel P.. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Limarino, Carlos Oscar. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Marenssi, Sergio Alfredo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Meyer, Kyle. University of California at Davis; Estados UnidosFil: Hull, Clara. University of California at Davis; Estados Unido

Detrital zircon geochronology and sedimentology of glaciogenic strata of the middle Carboniferous San Eduardo Formation, Calingasta-Uspallata Basin, NW Argentina

The Calingasta-Uspallata Basin preserves a near continuous sequence of glaciomarine deposition from themiddle to late Carboniferous, represented by five separate formations. Correlation between theseformations have been achieved using index marine invertebrates, which also provides some implicationsfor max-depositional ages. However, no isotopic dating analyses have been sought in this basin to furtherconstrain the age of deposition or provide a source of provenance for sediments. The San Eduardoformation near the El Leoncito Astronomical Complex, San Juan Province, Argentina, was deposited withinthe Calingasta?Uspallata Basin on the western margin of the proto-Precordillera during the lateMississippian to early Pennsylvanian. This succession preserves a complete sequence of proximalglaciomarine, nearshore, and fluvial systems deposited at the beginning of the late Paleozoic ice age.Samples were collected from various stages throughout the sequence for detrital zircon U-Pbgeochronology to determine sediment provenance as a way of isolating different glacier sources. Resultsindicate multiple stages of glaciation, with at least three distinct source areas. The lowermost stageincludes locally sourced basement and recycled underlying Silurian, represented by similar Famatinian(500-460 Ma) and Sunsas peaks (1450-1000 Ma) peaks, with the Sunsas source likely originating from theWestern Sierras Pampeans, which would represent a breaching of the proto-Precordillera from the east.The middle stage shows a population distinct unto itself, with a peak during the Mississippian (330-360Ma). A volcanic island arc was situated along the Andean margin during the late Paleozoic, likely resultingin the influx of Carboniferous aged volcanic sediments. The lower most stage shows relations based on K-Sresults to formations within the Paganzo basin to the northeast, likely serving as the outwash of thesedistant glaciers through braided fluvial systems. This study will expand upon current chronologicknowledge within the Calingasta-Uspallata basin and will be supported by sandstone petrology andmineralogic composition, pebble counts and composition of dropstones.Fil: Malone, John E.. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Isbell, John L.. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Bowles, Julie A.. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Pagani, María Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; ArgentinaFil: Taboada, Arturo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagóica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; ArgentinaGSA 2019PhoenixEstados UnidosGeological Society of Americ

La secuencia Neopaleozoica de la quebrada de Agua de Jagüel (Precordillera de Mendoza): edad y redefinición estratigráfica

Se propone la denominación de Formación Cordón de Jagüel para la sucesión pérmica de areniscas, pelitas y escasos conglomerados que forman la ladera occidental del Cordón de Agua de Jagüel en la Precordillera de Mendoza. Estas rocas descansan en discordancia sobre metasedimentitas de la Formación Villavicencio y son separadas por falla de areniscas, pelitas y diamictitas pertenecientes a la Formación Agua de Jagüel (Pennsylvaniano). En la Formación Cordón de Jagüel se han identificado seis asociaciones de facies sedimentarias. La asociación 1 está integrada mayormente por conglomerados polimícticos y areniscas gruesas de origen fluvial. El inicio de un ascenso relativo del nivel del mar aparece registrado en la asociación de facies 2, formada por areniscas y pelitas carbonosas depositadas en ambientes transicionales, probablemente estuarinos. La asociación de facies 3, compuesta por areniscas finas, indica el pasaje a un ambiente marino costero, mientras que la asociación de facies 4 incluye areniscas con paquetes de estratificación entrecruzada de gran escala y probablemente corresponde a ambientes subtidales con importante crecimiento de barras de arena de gran porte. Una progresiva somerización llevó a la depositación de pelitas carbonosas, areniscas finas e intercalaciones de margas (asociación de facies 5) en ambientes restringidos (albuferas). Finalmente, la asociación de facies 6 (pelitas laminadas y areniscas finas) indica un nuevo evento transgresivo. Restos de invertebrados marinos pertenecientes a la Biozona de Costatumulus y de palinofloras conteniendo Lueckisporites virkkiae Potonié y Klaus sugieren una edad pérmica temprana, probablemente cisuraliana tardía para la unidad.The neopaleozoic sequence of the Agua de Jagüel Creek (Precordillera de Mendoza): age and stratigraphic redefinition. The name of the Cordón de Jagüel Formation is proposed for Permian sandstones, mudstones and scarce conglomerates that form the western slope of the Cordón de Agua de Jagüel range in the Precordillera (Mendoza Province). These rocks unconformably overlie low-grade metamorphic rocks belonging to the Villavicencio Formation and are separated by a fault from sandstones, mudstones and diamictites of the Agua de Jagüel Formation (Pennsylvanian). Six facies association have been recognized in the Cordón de Jagüel Formation. The association 1 is composed of conglomerates and coarse-grained sandstones deposited in fluvial environment. The onset of a sea-level rise is recorded in the facies association 2, which is formed by sandstones and carbonaceous mudstones sedimented in transitional environments (estuarine?). Facies association 3 is made up by fine-grained sandstones indicating the transition to coastal marine settings while facies association 4, formed by large-scale cross-bedded sandstones, was very probably deposited in subtidal coastal environments. A progressive shallowing appears in the carbonaceous mudstones, fine-grained sandstones and marls forming the facies association 5 deposited in a transitional environment (lagoons). Finally, facies association 6 (shales and fine-grained sandstones) indicates a new sea level rise. Remains of the marine invertebrates belonging to the Costatumulus Biozone and palynofloras containing Lueckisporites virkkiae Potonié and Klaus suggest an early Permian age, probably late Cisuralian, for the unit.litic layer. Proximal non-amalgamated storm deposits are represented by thick sandy beds with hummocky cross stratification, bioclastic accumulations and ripples at the top intercalated with thin shaly levels. Distal storm deposits are thinly laminated o massive silty to sandy beds intercalated in shaly intervals.Fil: Limarino, Carlos Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Isbell, John L.. University of Wisconsin. Department of Geosciences; Estados UnidosFil: Ciccioli, Patricia Lucia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Taboada, Arturo Cesar. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Evolución y Biodiversidad; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Highly productive polar forests from the Permian of Antarctica

Two stratigraphically closely spaced bedding planes exposed at Lamping Peak in the Upper Buckley Formation, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica contain abundant in situ stumps (n=53, n=21) and other plant fossils that allow reconstruction of forest structure and biomass of Glossopteris forests that thrived at ~ 75o S paleolatitude in the Permian. Mean trunk diameter is 14 and 25 cm, corresponding to estimated mean maximum heights of 12 and 19 m. Basal areas are 65 and 80 m2ha- 1. The above ground biomass was calculated using allometric equations for Ginkgo biloba, yielding biomasses of 147 and 178 Mg ha- 1. Biomass estimates based on comparison with biomass of modern forests with equivalent basal areas are higher (225 – 400 Mg ha- 1). The amount of above ground biomass added each year (Annual Net Primary Productivity), based on biomass estimates and growth rings in silicified plant material from the Buckley Formation nearby, is poorly constrained, ranging from ~ 100 – 2000 g m- 2 yr- 1. Compared to modern forests at all latitudes, the Permian forests have high basal areas and high biomass, exceeded in both only by forests of the U.S. Pacific northwest and Sequoia forests. The estimated range of productivity (ANPP) is within that of many very productive modern forests. The Lamping Peak forests’ basal areas and calculated biomass are also larger than younger high paleolatitude fossil forests except for Arctic Cenozoic forests. Presence of these highly productive fossil forests at high paleolatitude is consistent with hothouse conditions during the Late Permian, prior to the eruption of the Siberian flood basalts

Stratigraphic signature of the late Palaeozoic Ice Age in the Parmeener Supergroup of Tasmania, SE Australia, and inter-regional comparisons

Recent research in eastern Australia has established that rather than being a single, long-lived epoch, the late Palaeozoic Ice Age comprised a series of glacial intervals each 1–8 million years in duration, separated by non-glacial intervals of comparable duration. In order to test whether the glacial events recognized in New South Wales and Queensland have broader extent, we conducted a reappraisal of the Parmeener Supergroup of Tasmania, southeast Australia. A facies analysis of the Pennsylvanian to Permian section was carried out, allowing rationalization of the succession into four recurrent facies associations: a) glacigenic facies association, restricted to the basal Pennsylvanian/earliest Permian Wynyard Formation and correlatives, b) glacially/cold climate-influenced to open marine shelf facies association, which accounts for large parts of the Permian succession, c) deltaic facies association, which specifically describes the Lower Permian “Lower Freshwater Sequence” interval, and d) fluvial to estuarine facies association, which specifically addresses the Upper Permian Cygnet Coal Measures and correlatives. Indicators of sediment accumulation under glacial influence and cold climate are restricted to four discrete stratigraphic intervals, all of which indicate that glaciation was temperate in nature. The lowermost of these, incorporating the basal Wynyard Formation and its correlatives, and overlying Woody Island Formation, shows evidence of proximal glacial influence (subglacial, grounding-line fan and ?fjordal facies), and is likely a composite of one or more Pennsylvanian glacial event(s) and an earliest Permian (Asselian) glacial. The second, of late Sakmarian to early Artinskian age, comprises an initial more proximal ice-influenced section and an overlying more distal ice-influenced interval. The third (Kungurian to Roadian) and fourth (Capitanian) intervals are both distal glacimarine records. The four intervals are of comparable age to glacials P1–P4, respectively, recognized in New South Wales and Queensland (notwithstanding apparent discrepancies of \u3c 2 million years in age), and display similar facies characteristics and vertical contrasts to those intervals. Accordingly, it is concluded that the late Palaeozoic stratigraphy of Tasmania preserves a glacial/cold climate record correlatable to that of mainland eastern Australia, lending support to the hypothesis that these events were widespread across this portion of Gondwana

Coexistence via Resource Partitioning Fails to Generate an Increase in Community Function

Classic ecological theory suggests that resource partitioning facilitates the coexistence of species by reducing inter-specific competition. A byproduct of this process is an increase in overall community function, because a greater spectrum of resources can be used. In contrast, coexistence facilitated by neutral mechanisms is not expected to increase function. We studied coexistence in laboratory microcosms of the bactivorous ciliates Paramecium aurelia and Colpidium striatum to understand the relationship between function and coexistence mechanism. We quantified population and community-level function (biomass and oxygen consumption), competitive interactions, and resource partitioning. The two ciliates partitioned their bacterial resource along a size axis, with the larger ciliate consuming larger bacteria than the smaller ciliate. Despite this, there was no gain in function at the community level for either biomass or oxygen consumption, and competitive effects were symmetrical within and between species. Because other potential coexistence mechanisms can be ruled out, it is likely that inter-specific interference competition diminished the expected gain in function generated by resource partitioning, leading to a system that appeared competitively neutral even when structured by niche partitioning. We also analyzed several previous studies where two species of protists coexisted and found that the two-species communities showed a broad range of biomass levels relative to the single-species states

Local Loss and Spatial Homogenization of Plant Diversity Reduce Ecosystem Multifunctionality

Biodiversity is declining in many local communities while also becoming increasingly homogenized across space. Experiments show that local plant species loss reduces ecosystem functioning and services, but the role of spatial homogenization of community composition and the potential interaction between diversity at different scales in maintaining ecosystem functioning remains unclear, especially when many functions are considered (ecosystem multifunctionality). We present an analysis of eight ecosystem functions measured in 65 grasslands worldwide. We find that more diverse grasslands—those with both species-rich local communities (α-diversity) and large compositional differences among localities (β-diversity)—had higher levels of multifunctionality. Moreover, α- and β-diversity synergistically affected multifunctionality, with higher levels of diversity at one scale amplifying the contribution to ecological functions at the other scale. The identity of species influencing ecosystem functioning differed among functions and across local communities, explaining why more diverse grasslands maintained greater functionality when more functions and localities were considered. These results were robust to variation in environmental drivers. Our findings reveal that plant diversity, at both local and landscape scales, contributes to the maintenance of multiple ecosystem services provided by grasslands. Preserving ecosystem functioning therefore requires conservation of biodiversity both within and among ecological communities

Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed

Global change drivers (GCDs) are expected to alter community structure and consequently, the services that ecosystems provide. Yet, few experimental investigations have examined effects of GCDs on plant community structure across multiple ecosystem types, and those that do exist present conflicting patterns. In an unprecedented global synthesis of over 100 experiments that manipulated factors linked to GCDs, we show that herbaceous plant community responses depend on experimental manipulation length and number of factors manipulated. We found that plant communities are fairly resistant to experimentally manipulated GCDs in the short term (<10 y). In contrast, long-term (≥10 y) experiments show increasing community divergence of treatments from control conditions. Surprisingly, these community responses occurred with similar frequency across the GCD types manipulated in our database. However, community responses were more common when 3 or more GCDs were simultaneously manipulated, suggesting the emergence of additive or synergistic effects of multiple drivers, particularly over long time periods. In half of the cases, GCD manipulations caused a difference in community composition without a corresponding species richness difference, indicating that species reordering or replacement is an important mechanism of community responses to GCDs and should be given greater consideration when examining consequences of GCDs for the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship. Human activities are currently driving unparalleled global changes worldwide. Our analyses provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that these human activities may have widespread impacts on plant community composition globally, which will increase in frequency over time and be greater in areas where communities face multiple GCDs simultaneously