Test validity defined as d-connection between target and measured attribute:Expanding the causal definition of Borsboom et al. (2004)

This article suggests a modification to the conception of test validity put forward by Borsboom, Mellenberghand van Heerden (2004). According to the original definition, a test is only valid if test outcomes are causedby variation in the target attribute. According to the d-connection definition of test validity, a test is validfor measuring an attribute if (a) the attribute exists, and (b) variation in the attribute is d-connected tovariation in the measurement outcomes. In other words, a test is valid whenever test outcomes inform useither about whathashappened to the target attribute in the past, or about whatwillhappen to the targetattribute in the future. Thus, the d-connection definition expands the number of scenarios in which a test canbe considered valid. Defining test validity as d-connection between target and measured attribute situatesthe validity concept squarely within the structural causal modeling framework of Pearl (2009)

New inscriptions in the Bodrum Museum:A Hellenistic foundation from the area of Mylasa

This article presents two hitherto unknown Hellenistic inscriptions,both of which are fragmentary. They are inscribed on two sides of a stonewhich is now in the Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Bodrum(inv. no. 6651) but probably originated from the area of Mylasa. Both inscriptionsconcern a private foundation that is referred to as the syngeneiain inscription A. The foundation seems to be of a type already knownfrom Halikarnassos, Kos and Thera, for example. This article aims tomake the two inscriptions available not least to the many scholars studyingassociations and foundations.<br/

New inscriptions in the Bodrum Museum:A Hellenistic foundation from the area of Mylasa

This article presents two hitherto unknown Hellenistic inscriptions,both of which are fragmentary. They are inscribed on two sides of a stonewhich is now in the Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Bodrum(inv. no. 6651) but probably originated from the area of Mylasa. Both inscriptionsconcern a private foundation that is referred to as the syngeneiain inscription A. The foundation seems to be of a type already knownfrom Halikarnassos, Kos and Thera, for example. This article aims tomake the two inscriptions available not least to the many scholars studyingassociations and foundations.<br/

A Hellenistic list of names in the Bodrum Museum:The Ptolemaic garrison at Halikarnassos or an errant list of proxenoi?

Her publiceres for første gang en gådefuld indskrift, der er fundet i Bodrum, antikkens Halikarnassos), og nu opbevares på Bodrum Museum for Undervandsarkæologi, (inv. no. 6665; I.Halik. *291). Det er en fragmentarisk liste over mænd, som kommer fra forskellige bystater. Bogstavtyperne tyder på en datering til 3. århundrede f.Kr., men der er flere typer. Navnene blev ikke indført på en gang. Det diskuteres, om det kan være en liste over proxenoi (hvis funktion kan sammenlignes med den, en moderne konsul har). I så fald kan listen ikke være fra Halikarnassos, fordi en af mændene er Halikarnasser. Et attraktivt alternativ er, at der er tale om medlemmer af den garnison, som vi ved, at Ptolemæerne havde stationeret i Halikarnassos.The article is the first publication of a fragmentary list of men inscribed on a reused marble block now in the Bodrum Museum (inv. no. 6665; I. Halik. *291). From the letterforms a date in the first part of the 3rd century BC is suggested. Assessing the type of the inscription proves difficult. The varying letterforms, the ethnics of the men, and the syntax lead one to consider a list of proxenoi. But, if that is correct, the text could not then originate from Halikarnassos, since it mentions one Halikarnasseus (a man who by definition could not obtain proxeny in his own city). Alternatively, the ethnics could reflect the composition of a group of mercenaries, perhaps as part of the Ptolemaic garrison stationed in Halikarnassos. The character of the fragmentary list remains open to interpretatio