MEDICAMENTOS CONSIDERADOS NO TRATAMENTO DA COVID-19 DURANTE O PERÍODO DE PANDEMIA NO BRASIL: UMA REVISÃO

Covid-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for the pandemics state declared in March 2020, leading to more than 500 thousand deaths in Brazil until June 2021. The virus has a protein named S protein linked up with ACE2 as a key-receptor for the virus entrance into human cells. By cause of your affinity, the ACE2 receptor enables the virus’ entry in many human tissues, not only the pulmonary. It is believed the severe cases are related to cytokines storm and to ACE2 gene expression increasement.  The present study aims to bring a review on the current types of medicines used for Covid-19 treatment in Brazil, highlighting the importance of deeper therapeutical studies for the disease. The qualitative bibliographical review was performed between June 2020 and June 2021. Scientific research and studies enabled the vaccines development as a prophylactic tool against Covid-19. However, the medicines used for treatment are still unclear. One of the first drugs for new coronavirus treatment cited in the literature was the chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Moreover, azithromycin (AZI), nitazoxanide (NTZ) e methylprednisolone (MPDN) are also considered as therapeutic alternatives in Brazil. In the case of already infected individuals, the vaccine is not efficient for treatment anymore. Thus, it is necessary to identify an efficient treatment against Covid-19, being necessary a deeper research about the medicines to combat SARS-CoV-2.La covid-19 es causada por el SARS-CoV-2, virus responsable de la pandemia anunciada en marzo de 2020, que mató a más de 500 mil personas en Brasil hasta junio de 2021. El virus tiene una proteína llamada proteína S que se une a ACE2 como receptor para la entrada en células humanas. Por su afinidad, el receptor ACE2 permite que el virus entre en varios tejidos humanos, no solamente el pulmonar. Los estudios indican que el escenario del enfermedad grave está relacionado con la tormenta de citocinas y el aumento de la expresión del gen ACE2. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo proporcionar una revisión de los tipos actuales de medicamentos utilizados en el tratamiento contra Covid-19 en Brasil, destacando la importancia de nuevos estudios en acerca de alternativas terapéuticas de la enfermedad. La revisión bibliográfica cualitativa se llevó a cabo entre junio de 2020 y junio de 2021. Las investigaciones y estudios científicos han permitido desarrollar vacunas como medida profiláctica contra Covid-19. Sin embargo, el uso de drogas para el tratamiento todavia es incierto. Uno de los primeros medicamentos citados en la literatura contra el nuevo coronavirus fue la cloroquina (CQ) y la hidroxicloroquina (HCQ). Otros fueron la azitromicina (AZI), la nitazoxanida (NTZ) y la metilprednisolona (MPDN), considerados alternativas en Brasil. En el caso de personas ya infectadas, la vacuna no es eficaz para el tratamiento. Por eso es necesario identificar un tratamiento eficaz contra la Covid-19, con una investigación en profundidad sobre los medicamentos contra el SARS-CoV-2.A Covid-19 é causada pelo SARS-CoV-2, o qual é responsável pela pandemia declarada em Março de 2020, levando mais de 500 mil mortes no Brasil até Junho de 2021. O vírus possui uma proteína importante chamada de proteína S, que é ligada ao receptor ACE2, o qual permite a entrada do vírus em várias células. Por causa da sua afinidade, o receptor ACE2 permite a entrada do vírus em vários tecidos humanos, não apenas no tecido pulmonar. Acredita-se que os casos mais graves estão relacionados com a tempestade de citocinas e o aumento da expressão gênica de ACE2. O presente estudo objetiva trazer uma revisão nos tipos atuais de medicamentos utilizados no tratamento da Covid-19 no Brasil, destacando a importância de estudos terapêuticos mais aprofundados sobre a doença. A revisão bibliográfica qualitativa foi realizada entre Junho de 2020 e Junho de 2021. Pesquisas e estudos científicos permitiram o desenvolvimento de vacinas como ferramentas profiláticas contra a Covid-19. Entretanto, os fármacos utilizados para o tratamento são ainda incertos. Uma das primeiras drogas citadas na literatura para o tratamento foi a cloroquina (CQ) e a hidroxicloroquina (HCQ). Adicionalmente, azitromicina (AZI), nitazoxanida (NTZ) e metilprednisolona (MPDN) também são consideradas alternativas terapêuticas no Brasil. No caso de indivíduos já infectados, a vacina não é mais eficiente para tratamento. Portanto, é necessário identificar um tratamento eficiente contra a Covid-19, sendo necessárias pesquisas mais aprofundadas sobre os medicamentos utilizados para combater o SARS-CoV-2

Acute Effects Of Oral Calcium Carbonate With And Without The Addition Of Omeprazole And Fiber Enriched Milk On Serum Calcium Concentrations In Postmenopausal Women

Introduction: In recent years, some studies have shown an increase in cardiovascular risk due to the use of calcium supplements in excess of the recommended doses. One hypothesis is that some calcium supplements lead to a more pronounced elevation of serum calcium concentrations. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum calcium responses after ingestion of calcium carbonate, with and without the prior use of omeprazole, and after ingestion of soluble fiber enriched milk (SFM). Method: Five postmenopausal women were evaluated in three phases. For each phase, the serum calcium responses were determined at 0h (baseline), 1h, 2h, 3h and 4h. After ingestion of 1200mg of calcium, both for the patients who received the calcium carbonate and for those who received SFM. The rise in serum calcium observed after ingestion of calcium carbonate with a calcium peak of 0.56 mg/dl (p=0.032), and it was higher when compared to SFM 0.26 mg/dl (p=0.284). There was no significant elevation of serum calcium after ingestion of SFM. Results: The calcium responses were negative after the administration of omeprazole in comparison with the use of calcium carbonate and SFM, reaching 7.06mg/dl vs 9.04mg/dl vs 9.12mg/dl at 0h, 5.30mg/dl vs 9. 32mg/dl vs 9.00mg/dl at 1hr, 5.52mg/dl vs 9.48mg/dl vs 9.32mg/dl at 2hr, 5.18mg/dl vs 9.48mg/dl vs 9.34mg/dl at, respectively. In conclusion, our data show that the same amount of SFM induced a lower serum calcium response when compared to calcium carbonate. Conclusion: The use of omeprazole significantly reduced the intestinal absorption of calcium carbonate

Association of the SOD2 Polymorphism (Val16Ala) and SOD Activity with Vaso-occlusive Crisis and Acute Splenic Sequestration in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia

Submitted by Paulo Silva ([email protected]) on 2019-11-18T13:17:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Association of the SOD2 Polymorphism (Val16Ala) and SOD Activity with Vaso-occlusive Crisis and Acute Splenic Sequestration in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia.pdf: 335007 bytes, checksum: a614766bb4931821c7294ae8bbbed5e6 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Paulo Silva ([email protected]) on 2019-11-18T13:55:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Association of the SOD2 Polymorphism (Val16Ala) and SOD Activity with Vaso-occlusive Crisis and Acute Splenic Sequestration in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia.pdf: 335007 bytes, checksum: a614766bb4931821c7294ae8bbbed5e6 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-18T13:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Association of the SOD2 Polymorphism (Val16Ala) and SOD Activity with Vaso-occlusive Crisis and Acute Splenic Sequestration in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia.pdf: 335007 bytes, checksum: a614766bb4931821c7294ae8bbbed5e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018FACEPEUniversidade de Pernambuco. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade de Pernambuco. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Recife, PE, Brasil / Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia. Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade de Pernambuco. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade de Pernambuco. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade de Pernambuco. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Recife, PE, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Aggeu Magalhães. Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brasil / Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brasil.Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade de Pernambuco. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brasil.Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade de Pernambuco. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Recife, PE, Brasil / Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco. Recife, PE, Brasil.The SOD2 polymorphism Val16Ala T→C influences the antioxidative response. This study investigated the association of the SOD2 polymorphism and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity with the vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) and acute splenic sequestration (ASS) in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA). One hundred ninety-five children with SCA aged 1-9 years old were analyzed. The TC and CC genotypes were associated with lower SOD activity compared with the TT genotype (p=0.0321; p=0.0253, respectively). Furthermore, TC and CC were more frequent in patients with VOC or ASS (p=0.0285; p=0.0090, respectively). These results suggest that the SOD2 polymorphism associated with low SOD activity could be a susceptibility factor for the occurrence of VOC and ASS